
gass S'B't^aa. 

Book , A /4 -9 




DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 



ANNUAL REPORT 



OF THE 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS 



TO THE 



SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR 



FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 
ENDED JUNE 30 



1916 




WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1916 



US, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 



ANNUAL REPORT 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS 



TO THE 

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR 2> 



FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 
ENDED JUNE 30 

1916 




WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT J RINTING OFFICE IQIP 



<^^^^ 
%^^^ 



Do of D. 
JAN 13 19ir 



CONTENTS 



Page. 

Functions of the national parks 1 

National park service 4 

Scenery of the first order 5 

National parks and national forests 6 

Each a personality of its own ~ 6 

Informing the people of the parks 6 

General public interest in national parks 7 

•National uioniiraents 7 

Legislation 8 

New parks and monuments 8 

Lassen Volcanic National Park 8 

Hawaii National Park 9 

Sieur de Monts National Monument 9 

Capulin Mountain National Monument 9 

Dinosaur National Monument 9 

Proposed new parks 9 

Grand Canyon National Park 9 

Enlarged Sequoia National Park 10 

Mount McKinley National Park : 10 

Mount Hood National Park 10 

Idaho (Sawtooth) National Park 11 

Mount Baker National Pai-k 11 

Private holdings 11 

Ranger force 13 

Construction work 14 

Yosemite hydroelectric power plant 

Sanitation 15 

Admission of automobiles to parks 15 

Excerpts from reports of supervisors of national parks 17 

Hot Springs Reservation ; 17 

Yellowstone National Park 26 

Yosemite National Park 41 

Sequoia and General Grant National Parks 47 

Mount Rainier National Park 52 

Cr9.ter I^ake National Park 58 

Wind Cave National Park 61 

Piatt National Park 64 

Sullys Hill Park 67 

Mesa A'erde National Park 68 

Glacier National Park 70 

Rocky Mountain National Park : 73 

Appendix A. — 

Appropriations 1906 to 1916 76 

Visitors to national parks 79 

X Revenues from automobiles 79 

■^ Appendix B. — An act to establish a national park service 81 

r^ Appendix C — An act to establish a national park in the Territors' of 

.. Hawaii 83 

'^ Appendix D. — ^An act to establish the Lassen Volcanic National Park, 

\^ California 86 

^Appendix E. — National parks at a glance 88 



M^v m 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PHOTOGRAPHS. 

Yellowstone National Park — Old Faithful Geyser 4 

Yoseniite NationalPark — Yoscniite Falls 4 

Crater Lake National Park — Cliffs of Crater Lake 4 

Rocky Mountain National Park — Odessa Lake 4 

Sequoia National Park — General Sliermau Tree 4 

Mount Rainier National Park — Mount Rainier 4 

Glacier National Park — Iceberg Lake 4 

Mesa Verde National Park — Cliff Palace 4 

Lassen Volcanic National Park — Lassen Peak S 

Hawaii National Park — Lava floorJ 8 

Proposed Grand Canyon National Park — Grand Canyon S. 

Proposed Mount Baker National Park — Mount Baker 8 

Proposed Idaho (Sawtooth) National Park — Stanley Lake 8 

Proposed Mount Hood National Park^ — Mount Hood 8 

I'roposed INIount McKinley National Park — Mount McKinley 8 

MAPS. 

National parks and national monuments under the Department of tlie 

Interior ; '. 16 

Hot Springs Reservation 20 

Yellowstone National Park 32 

Y'osemite National Park__; 44 

Sequoia and General Grant National Parks ^ 48 

Mount Rainier National Park 56 

Crater Lake National Park 59 

Wind Cave 62 

Piatt National Park 64 

Mesa Verde National Park 68 

Glacier National Park ^ ^ 72 

Rocky Mountain National Park 74 

rv . 



ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL 

PARKS. 



Department of the Interior, 

National Park Service, 
Washington^ November 10, 1916. ' 
Sir : It is with pleasure that I submit to you my first annual report 
as Superintendent of National Parks. The jjrimary reason for this 
is that I feel, although we have just begun the solution of many 
of the numerous questions that have to be dealt with in the 
national-park work, and for the handling of which we have until re- 
cently had no coherent organization, yet a great deal has been at- 
tained through the efforts of yourself and the assistant to the Secre- 
tar}^ in bringing to the country and to Congress a more intimate 
knowledge of the national parks and in administering them in an effi- 
cient manner and to the end that all of our people may get the 
greatest possible benefit and enjoyment from them. These efforts 
have borne fruit in the display this year of more interest by people 
all over the country in the national parks, and in the enactment by 
Congress of laws which there is no doubt will have greater results 
toward the efficient and proper management of the parks than any- 
thing that had theretofore been done. The national parks and their 
possibilities, both in the way of enjoyment by the people and of profit 
to the Nation, have in the past been greatly neglected. Our scenic 
domain can and will be made as readily accessible to all of our citi- 
zens as are similar scenic and recreation areas in other countries, and 
much has recently been done to effect this. 

FUNCTIONS OF THE NATIONAL PARKS. 

The following is an extract from the report made by former Super- 
intendent Daniels last year, which I believe to be worthy of repeti- 
tion, as it so ably explains the functions of the parks: 

That the expenditiire of money for the maintenance and development of our 
scenic i-eservations has an economic as well as aesthetic .iustification there can 
be no doubt, for each year large sums of money have left this country to be 
spent by tourists in foreign lands In search of scenic beauty. The fact that no 
material proportion of this sum returns is only less provoking than the knowl- 
edge that the money thns taken abroad by Americans is spent to view natural 
attractions that are inferior to those which may be found at home. In your 
report of 193 3 you stated that land is not always land, but is sometimes coal, 
sometimes timber. One might add that it is sometimes scenery and, as such, 
merits the careful study and development that would be extended to other 
national resources. 

The condition of travel in foreign lands has stimulated the interest of our 
people in the merits of similar pleasures in this country. Never in history has 
there been so great a volume of travel in the United States. Surely it is the 
part of wisdom to retain this great advantage and to crystallize upou a general 
policy for the administration of oiir national parks. 



2 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 

The fii'st step in the consideration ol: a seneral policy for the .-idministration 
of the national parks is the determination of just what functions they perform. 
Clearly they are not designated solely for the purpose of supplying recreation 
grounds. The fostering of recreation purely as such is more properly the func- 
tion of the city, county, and State parks, and there should be a clear distinction 
between the character of such parks and national parks. The latter should 
constitute a class that is of national interest. In the category of national parks 
should be no reservation that is of local interest only. What, then, are the 
functions of our national parks as distinguished from State and local parks? As 
I view this question our national parks should serve three distinct functions : 

1. The stimulating of national patriotism. 

2. The furthering of knowledge and health. 

3. The diverting of tourist travel to the scenic areas of the United States. 

NATIONAL PATKIOTISM. 

We, as a people, have been accused of lacking in that love of country with 
which our neighbors in Europe are so plentifully blessed. Whether such a 
criticism is merited or not, it is certain that local patriotism has rapidly grown 
in this country more or less at the expense of patriotism for the country as a 
whole. This condition \\ould not exist if our people knew their country. 

To love a thing one must know it. The Belgian knows each hill and dale of 
his small country and loves it with an intensity that has become proverbial. 
And so it is with the Swiss, the French, the English. These peoples know their 
lands and love them. But ours is a great country, stretching from sea to sea. 
and a knowledge of all its glories is given to but few. What more noble purpose 
could our national parks serve than to become the instrument by which the 
people shall be lured into the far corners of their land that they may learn to 
love it? For one who will encompass the circuit of our parks, passing ovei' the 
great mesas of Colorado, crossing the painted desert, threading the sparkling 
Sierra Nevada, and viewing the glaciers and snow-capped peaks of the great 
Northwest will surely return with a burning determination to love and work 
for and if necessary to fight for and die for the glorious land which is his. 

KNOWLEDGE AND HEALTH. 

I have said that it is my opinion the Federal Government is not justified in 
maintaining a national park for recreation purposes alone, yet it is readily seen 
from the character of our reservations that each has its recreational feature. 1 
do believe, however, that objects and districts of great educational value should 
be reserved and placed in the category of national parks. Natural phenomena, 
great canyons, ruins of antiquity, waterfalls — all are objects of great interest 
and possess an educational value that can not be estimated. 

In Yellowstone are the geysers, in Yosemite the highest of waterfalls, in 
Sequoia the largest and oldest trees on earth, trees that were '^OOO years old 
when Christ was born. In Wind Cave National Park is a cave that comprises 
over 90 miles of sparkling passages. At Arkansas Hot Springs and Piatt 
National Park are medicinal waters that have dispelled the pain of legions of 
sufferers. In Mesa Verde National Park are the crumbling dwellings of a for- 
gotton race. 

Pregnant with mystery and romance, these ancient ruins beckon the traveler 
across the great green mesa and cast about him the spell of endless conjecture. 
If for no other reason, the value of these treasures as a medium for the further- 
ing of knowledge and health fully justifies the plea for further aid, both moral 
and financial, from our Federal Government. 

If this aid is granted and a systematic effort is put forth to send our people 
out into the hinterland of this country, w^e shall be confronted by the problem 
of caring for a flood of tourists whose needs must be anticipated. 

THE TOURIST. 

. The first logical step to be taken in an analysis of the conditions of tourist 
travel is a study of the tourist himself. Primarily, the tourist takes the line 
of least resistance. This means that he seeks the path that presents the best 
accommodations for the least cost. From a record of travel in our parks it 
may be shown that the finest scenery without accommodations will not receive 
so large a travel as an inferior character of scenery which has a better type 
of accommodation. 



SUPERIlSrTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 3 

The tourist who, upon the strength of literature issued by tlie department, 
travels to our parks is more or less justified in holding the Federal Government 
responsible for his comforts or discomforts while there. Nor is he backward 
with criticism. He demands that he be instructed as to the merits of this trail 
or that, this camp or that. He not infrequentl,v is disappointed in not finding 
luxuries that he would not expect in similar places under other than Federal 
control. He invariably overlooks the fact that he, in a way, is part of the 
Government, and therefore indirectly responsible for the conditions he finds. 
Nevertheless, his demands must be respected if it is hoped to direct his foot- 
steps to travel in our country. 

The three potent factors in influencing tourist travel are publicity, accommo- 
dations, and transportation. Obviously, the tourist must be informed of the 
merits of the district to which it is desired to bring him. He must then be 
shown that the accommodationg at that place are satisfactory ; and, last, he 
must know that the transportation facilities to, tlirough, and from the location 
are good and may be had at reasonable cost. These three factors should con- 
stantly be borne in mind in any planning for the development of tourist 
travel. 

The three general classes of tourists who visit our parks are : Those to whom 
the expense is of little moment ; those who, in moderate financial circum- 
stances, travel in comfort but dispense with luxuries ; and, third, those who, 
fired with the love of God's out-of-doors, save their pennies in anticipation 
of the day when they may feast their eyes upon the eternal expanse of snow- 
■ clad peaks and azure skies. It is of this latter class that I would speak. 

Many of our parks are truly vast in area, encompassing within their bounda- 
ries innumerable wonders. To reach these the tourist, upon arriving at the 
park, must hire saddle animals, pack animals, a guide, cook, and other help. 
The expense of such an outfit is prohibitive to all but the wealthy. Those who 
have waited and saved their money are denied the fuller enjoyment of our 
parks, for they can not bear the expense of transporting their supplies over the 
trails. There is but one solution of the problem of caring for this class of 
tourists, and that is the establishment of small inns at convenient intervals, 
so that tourists may travel the trails afoot, purchasing their provisions and 
other necessities as they go.' As you are aware, the first steps in an effort to 
bring about such a condition have been taken in Yosemite National Park. If 
this work is carried through a blessing will have been conferred upon those 
whose lack of money has shut them from the greater part of our national 
parks. It will also be, in my opinion, the most potetit factor in retaining, 
through the medium of our parks, a material percentage of tourist travel and 
will necessitate a careful consideration of the problem of a general policy. 

Any plan, however, which may be devised for the management of our national 
parks should not be predicated upon the assumption that their function is solely 
to accommodate and retain our tourists in this country. 

A GENERAL POLICY. 

A policy to be efllcient must be functional. One for the parks, therefore, 
must take into consideration the distinctive characteristics of national pai-ks 
which, as before stated, are relative to the furthering of a national patriotism, 
public knowledge and health, and tourist travel in tlie home land. Upon con- 
sideration it will be seen that the first two follow as a natural consequence 
of the last. In the consideration of a general policy we are concerned pri- 
marily, therefore, with tourist travel. 

To foster tourist travel it will be necessary to develop the roads, trails, and 
other accommodations in the parks to a point where the traveler will not be 
subjected to serious discomfort. This means the expenditure of money tipon 
a larger scale than has been the practice heretofore, and the first question 
that should be settled is, What shall be the source of supply? 

There are but two practical sources from which funds may be secured, 
namely, by Federal appropriation and by revenues from the parks themselves. 
Both resources are now resorted to, each of which is inadequate. If the 
Federal Government is to support the parks then they should be operated so 
as to make the cost to the tourist as low as possible. If not. then the various 
sources in the parks themselves should be developed sufficiently to supply the 
needed money. 



4 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

The sources of revenue froDi the parks fall into four classes: 

1. Automobile permits. 

2. Concessions of vai'ious kinds. 

3. Receipts from public utilities operated by the Government, such as light, 
telephone, etc. 

4. Natural resources, such as timber, stone, fuel, etc. 

Of these four sources it will be seen that they may all be classified as taxes 
in proportion to the benefit received rather than the ability to pay. An; 
analysis of this chai'acter may help in the decision of the policy to be pursued, 
but it can do no more. The decision must be made in the light of public 
needs, and the park supervisors should know whether they are to develop 
the park revenues to their maximum or whether the park is to be administered 
at the lowest possible cost to the tourist. 

If the question of finances were settled, in so far as the source is concerned, 
and a well-crystallized policy looking toward the development of the parks 
iilong lines that will foster the increase of tourist travel in this country is 
established much of the delay and confusion in the field will be eliminated. 

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE. 

There has heretofore been no service to which the duty of admin- 
istering the national parks has been delegated. The work has been . 
done by a small and inadequate force in your office, the members of 
which have had their regular departmental duties to perform and 
have given such time and overtime as has been possible to the 
park work. Upon your recommendation Congress has recently 
enacted a law (Public, No. 235) establishing the National Park 
Service. This act provides for the appointment by the Secretary 
of the Interior of a director, assistant director, chief clerk, and other 
employees of the National Park Service, and puts under the direc- 
tor, subject to the supervision of the Secretary, the supervision, 
management, and control of the national parks and monuments and 
of the Hot Springs Reservation in Arkansas, which have heretofore 
been administered by the Interior Department. The act also pro- 
vides that the Secretary may make rules and regulations for the 
use and management of' the reservations and prescribes punishment 
for the infraction of such rules and regulations; it also gives power 
to the Secretary to grant privileges, leases, and permits for the use 
of the lands, for the accommodation of visitors in the reservations, 
for periods not to exceed 20 years and for areas, not to exceed 20 
acres in anv one place, and to grant grazing privileges in any of 
the reservations except the Yellowstone National Park when such 
use of the lands does not interfere with the primary purpose for 
which the park was created. This act, however, carried no appro- 
priation for the organization of the service and no such appropria- 
tion has as yet been made. Each of the national parks has been 
created by a law differing more or less from the law creating each 
of the otiier parks, and heretofore they have beeii administered as 
individual reservations wath no particular relation to each other. 
This method of handling the parks- has, for reasons that are quite 
apparent, been both inefficient and unsatisfactory. 

The work of administering the national parks has been intrusted 
to the Department of the Interior. On June 5, 1914, you appointed 
Mark Daniels, a landscape engineer, of San Francisco, Cal., general 
, superintendent and landscape engineer of national parks, and on 
December 9, 1915, he resigned to continue his private business. On 
December 10, 1915, 1 was detailed from the United States Geological 
Survey to the department as Superintendent of National Parks. 



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SEQUOIA NATIONAL PARK. 

THE GENERAL SHERMAN TREE. 

This park contains more tlnan a million sequoia trees, of which 12,000 are more than 10 feet in 
diameter and some twice that, and several from 25 to 35 feet through from side to side. Some 
of these trees are older than human history. As John Muir says of them, "When the storm 
roars loudest they never lose their god-like composure, never toss their arms or bow or wave 
like the pines, but only slowly, solemnly nod and sway, standing erect, making no sign of strife 
none of unrest, neither in alliance norat war with the winds, too calmly, unconsciously capable 
and strong to strive with or bid defiance to anything." 




GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. 



ICEBERG LAKE. 

This park was made by the earth cracking in some far-distant 
time and one side thrusting up and overlapping the other. It 
has cliffs several thousand feet high, and more than 60 glaciers 
feed hundreds of lakes. 




MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 



CLIFF PALACE, 

This park hides in its barren canyons the weil-preserved ruins of a civilization which passed 
out of existence so many centuries ago that not even tradition recalls its people. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 5 

With a view to securing a more effective administration of the parks, 
it was deemed advisable in 1914 to provide for a general superintend- 
ent, with headquarters at San Francisco, Cal. Experience, however, 
of over a year under this neAv system demonstrated the advisability 
of dispensing with a general superintendent having permanent head- 
quarters away from Washington, and the urgent deficiency bill 
passed February 28, 1916, authorized the superintendent to remain 
in Washington, D. C.-, to June 30, 1916, and the sundry civil adt 
passed July 1, 1916, authorized you to employ in Washington and 
pay from park appropriations and revenues a Superintendent of 
National Parks and four other emploj'-ees, and under this authoriza- 
tion you continued my appointment as superintendent. On July 16, 
1916, Joseph J. Cotter, formerly assistant attorney in the department 
and recently in charge of mails, files, and appointments, was ap- 
pointed Assistant Superintendent of National Parks. Three clerks 
were also appointed. While this organization has not been adequate 
to handle all of the work in Washington, and we are still dependent 
upon the department for assistance, yet I think I am justified in 
saying that much has already been done toward coordinating the 
work, and when Congress shall see fit, which I hope it will early in 
the next session, to make possible the complete organization of the 
National Park Service by providing an appropriation for that pur- 
pose, the entire w^ork in connection with the administration of these 
areas may be taken over and done in a much more comprehensive 
and satisfactory manner than has been possible in past years. 

SCENERY OF THE FIRST ORDER. 

It has been said that in some respects American scenery is un- 
equaled abroad. There are more geysers of large size in our Yellow- 
stone National Park, for instance, than in all the rest of the world 
together, the nearest approach being the geyser fields of Iceland and 
far New Zealand. Again, it is conceded the world over that there is 
no valley in existence so strikingly beautiful as our Yosemite Valley, 
and nowhere else can be found a canyon of such size and exquisite 
coloring as our Grand Canyon of the Colorado. In the Sequoia 
National Park grow trees go huge and old that none quite compare 
with them. These are well-known facts with which every American 
ought to be familiar. 

The 10 national parks of the first order are the Mount Kainier 
National Park in Washington, the Crater Lake National Park in 
Oregon, the Yosemite, Sequoia, and Lassen Volcanic National Parks 
in California, the Glacier National Park in Montana, the Yellow- 
stone National Park, principally in Wyoming, the Eocky Mountain 
and Mesa Verde National Parks in Colorado, and the Hawaii Na- 
tional Park in the Territory of Hawaii. With these must be classed 
the Grand Canyon of the Colorado in Arizona, which, though still 
remaining a national monument, is one of the great wonders of the 
world. 

The principal difference between a national monument and a na- 
tional park is that a national monument has merely been made safe 
from encroachment by private interests and enterprise, while a na- 
tional park is also in process of development by roads and trails and 
hotels, so as to become a convenient resort for the people to visit and 
enjoy. 



6 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

NATIONAL PARKS AND NATIONAL FORESTS. 

One must not confuse the national forests with the national parks. 
The national forests aggregate many times the area of the national 
parks. They were created to administer lumbering and grazing 
interests for the people; the lumbering, instead of being done by pri- 
vate interests often ruthlessly for private profit, as in the past, is 
now done under regulations which conserve the public interest. The 
trees are cut in accordance with the principles of scientific forestry, 
Avhich conserve the smaller trees until they grow to a certain size, 
thus perpetuating the forests. Sheep, horses, or cattle graze in all 
pastures under governmental regulation, while in national parks 
horses and cattle only may be admitted Avhere not detrimental to the 
enjoyment and preservation of the scenery. Regular hunting is per- 
mitted in season in the national forests, but never in the national 
parks. In short, the national parks, unlike the national forests, are 
not properties in a commercial sense, but natural preserves for the 
rest, recreation, and education of the people. They remain under 
nature's own chosen conditions. They alone maintain "the forest 
primeval." 

EACH A PERSONALITY OF ITS OWN. 

One of -the striking and interesting features of the national parks 
of our country is that each one of them is quite different from all the 
others ; each has a marked personality of its own. 

It will be seen that one may visit a new national park each year 
for more than a decade and see something quite new and remarkable 
at each visit. 

INFORMING THE PEOPLE OF THE PARKS. 

Through the cooperation of a number of railroads it has been 
possible to publish a collection of illustrated booklets known as the 
" National Parks Portfolio," which became so well advertised and 
known all over the country that although an edition of 300,000 was 
printed we were not able to supply the demand for them. It is 
planned now to issue a sale edition, which may be purchased from the 
superintendent of documents at the Government Printing Office, and 
which it is expected will be available this winter. This portfolio was 
prepared, as was also a smaller publication called " Glimpses of Our 
National Parks," which described briefly the important features of the 
various parks, under the direction of Robert Sterling Yard, editorial 
assistant. It is trite to say that in the absence of information on the 
part of the public as to what the parks are, where they are, and for 
what reason created, the end for which they were established will not 
be attained. Yet it is pertinent, for this lack of information has ob- 
tained to a great extent, in fact to the extent that Mr. Yard found it 
advisable in the " Glimpses of Our National Parks " to explain that 
the parks are not beautiful' tracts of cultivated country with smooth 
lawns and winding paths like city parks, but are " large areas which 
nature, not man, has made beautiful and which the hand of man 
" alters only enough to provide roads to enter them, trails to penetrate 
their fastnesses, and hotels and camps to live in." This condition is 
rapidly being remedied by the distribution of such publications as the 
" Portfolio " and the " Glimpses." 



SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS, 7 

GENERAL PUBLIC INTEREST IN NATIONAL PARKS. 

The general public interest in national playgrounds may be evi- 
denced by the number of bills now pending in Congress calling for 
the creation of 16 new national parks, as follows: 

Cabinet National Park, in tlie extreme northwest corner of Montana. 
Cliff Cities National Park, in the northern part of New Mexico. 
Denver National Park, in the north-central part of Colorado, near Denver. 
Mammoth Cave National Park, in the west-central part of Kentuck5^ 
Mescalero National Park, in the southern part of New Mexico. 
Moun^ Hood National Park, in the northern part of Oregon. 
Mississippi Valley National Park, in the southwestern part of Wisconsin 
and northeastern part of Iowa, near McGregor, Iowa. 

Mount McKinley National Park, in the southern part of Alaska. 

Moxint Baker National Park, in the extreme northwestern part of Washington. 

Mount Katahdin National Park, in the central part of Maine. 

Olympic National Park, in the northwestern part of Washington. 

Palo Duro National Park, in the northwestern part of Texas. 

Rio Grande National Park, in the southwestern part of New Mexico. 

Sand Dunes National Park, in the extreme northwestern part of Indiana. 

Sawtooth National Park, in the south-central part of Idaho. 

Sierra Madre National Park, in southern California. 

NATIONAL MONUMENTS. 

By an act approved June 8, 1906, entitled "An act for the preser- 
vation of American antiquities," the President of the United States 
was authorized to declare to be national monuments by public procla- 
mation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and 
other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon 
the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United 
States. Under this authority the President has created a number of 
monuments, 21 of which, listed below, are administered by the In- 
terior Department: 

National vwnuments administered by Interior Department. 



Name. 



State. 



Date. 



Area. 



Devils Tower 

Montezuma Castle 

El Moro 

Chaco Canyon 

Muir Woods 2 

Pinnacles 

Tumacacori 

Mukuntuweap 

Shoshone Cavern 

Natural Bridges ^ 

Gran Quivira 

Sitka 

Rainbow Bridge 4 

Lewis and Clark Cavern . 

Colorado 

■ Petriaed Forest 

Navajo ^ 

Papago Saguaro 

Dinosaur 

Sieur de Monts 

Capulin Movmtain 



Wyoming Sept. 24, 1906 

Arizona Dec. 8,1906 

New Mexico do 

do Mar. 11,1907 

California Jan. 9, 1908 

do Jan. 16,1908 

Arizona Sept. 15,1908 

Utah July 31,1909 

Wyoming Sep't. 21, 1909 

Utah Sept. 25,1909 

New Mexico Nov. 1,1909 

Alaska Mar. 23,1910 

Utah May 30,1910 

Montana May 16,1911 

Colorado May 24,1911 

Arizona July 31,1911 



do 

do 

Utah 

Maine , 

New Mexico . 



Mar. 14,1912 
Jan. 31,1914 
Oct. 4,1915 
July 8, 1916 
Aug. 9,1916 



Acres. 

1,152 

160 

160 

120,629 

295 

2,080 

10 

115,840 

210 

I 2, 740 

160 

57 

160 

160 

13,883 

25,625 

360 

2,050 

80 

1 5, 000 

681 



1 Estimated area. 

* Donated to the United States. 

3 Originally set aside by proclamation of Apr. 16, 190S, and contained only 120 acres. 

*• Within an Indian reservation. 



8 supeehsttendent OF national parks. 

During the past session Congress appropriated $3,500 for preserva- 
tion, development, administration, and protection of the national 
monuments, and work is now being undertaken. * ' 

LEGISLATION. 

The States of Washington and Oregon ceded jurisdiction to the 
Federal Government over the lands embraced in the Mount Rainier 
and Crater Lake National Parks, respectively, and by acts of Con- 
gress dated June 30, 1916, and August 21, 1916, the cessions of juris- 
diction were accepted. The Federal Government now has juris- 
diction over these parks. 

It is hoped that at the next meeting of the legislatures of the several 
States in which other national parks are situated jurisdiction will be 
ceded to the Federal Government, so that it may be able to make uni- 
form rules and regulations that can be locally administered. In this 
way much more satisfactory results will be obtained than are practi- 
cable under present conditions. 

Congress also enacted a law (Public, No. 115) amending the act of 
May 7, 1894, entitled "An act to protect the birds and animals in 
Yellowstone National Park and to punish crimes in said park, and for 
other purposes," so as to change the penalty for violation of the 
provisions of the original act from a fine of not more than $1,000 
and imprisonment not exceeding two years to a fine of not more than 
$500 and imprisonment not exceeding six months. The original act 
evidently contemplated that the offenses be dealt with as misdemean- 
ors and the offenders tried and punished by the commissioner of 
Yellowstone Park, but in view of the term of imprisonment pro- 
vided — not exceeding two years — the offenses had to be treated as 
crimes under the Constitution and the offenders tried b}^ indictment 
in the regular way. The new law makes it possible to treat the 
offenses as misdemeanors and to try the offenders before the local 
commissioner in the park. This means a better and more expeditious 
and inexpensive enforcement of the law. 

NEW PARKS AND MONUMENTS. 

LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PAEK. 

The act of Congress of August 9, 1916, established the Lassen 
Volcanic National Park, in the Sierra Nevada, in the State of Cali- 
fornia. This park has an area of 79,561.58 acres and includes the 
only region in the United States exhibiting i-ecent volcanic action. 
In addition to its numerous volcanoes it contains hot springs and 
mud guysers, lakes and trout streams, ice caves and lakes of volcanic 
glass, and beautiful canyons. An appropriation of $5,000 for the 
administration, of this park was asked for in the last deficiency bill, 
but this item was not included in the act. Therefore there is as yet 
no money available for this park, and the Secretary of Agriculture 
has generously consented to continue the patrol of the lands by the 
Forest Service, the lands having heretofore been within a national 
forest, until an appropriation is made and it is practicable for this 
department to administer the park. 




LASSEN VOLCANIC NATIONAL PARK. 

This park contains the only active volcano in the United States, as 
well as hot springs, mud geysers, ice caves, majestic canyons, 
numerous lakes, and fine forests. Lassen Peak is 10,465 feet in 
altitude, v^hile Cinder Cone is 6,879. 




HAWAII NATIONAL PARK. 

This park consists of three separate areas, two, Kilauea, which has been continuously active for 
acentury.and Mauna Loa, altitude 1 3,575, the largestactive volcano in the world, erupting every 
decade, on the island of Hawaii. The third, Haleakala, on the island of Maui, is a volcano 
which erupted less than 200 years ago. It is 10,000 feet high, with a tremendous rift in its 
summit 8 miles across and 3,000 feet deep, and contains many cones, gorgeous tropical 
forests, mahogany groves, and lava caves. 




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SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 9 

HAWAII NATIONAL PARK. 

The act of Congress of August 1, 1916, established the Hawaii 
National Park, in the Territory of Hawaii. This park has an 
area of 75,295 acres and includes two of the most famous active 
volcanoes in the world and another which erupted less than 200 years 
ago, in addition to the wonderful lava lake which is a mass of fire 
1^000 feet in diameter. The act provides that no appropriations for 
this park shall be made until conveyance shall be made to the United 
States of such perpetual rights of way over private lands within the 
exterior boundaries of the park as the Secretary of the Interior shall 
find necessary to make it reasonably accessible in all its parts, and 
that when such rights of way have been conveyed the Secretary shall 
submit report to Congress. The matter of obtaining definite infor- 
mation as to the conveyance of these rights of way has been taken 
up through the governor of Hawaii. 

SIEUR DE MONTS NATIONAL MONUMENT. 

The Sieur de Monts National Monument, in Maine, was created by 
presidential proclamation of July 8, 1D16, and includes more than 
5,000 acres on Mount Desert Island, covering 4 lakes and 10 moun-, 
tains. The lands included in this monument were never a part of 
the public domain, but were presented to the United States by the 
owners, the Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations. This 
monument is the first created on the Atlantic coast. There is nothing 
just like it elsewhere on the continent. A noble mass of ancient 
granite that once bore up an alpine height has been laid bare by 
time and carved into forms of bold and striking beauty by recent 
ice-sheet grinding. It is a miique and splendid landscape, revealing 
the ocean in its majesty as no lesser or more distant height can do. 
and exhibiting the interest and beauty of the northern vegetation. 

CAPULIN MOUNTAIN NATIONAL MONUMENT. 

The Capulin Mountain National Monument, in New Mexico, was 
created by presidential proclamation August 9, 191G, and has an area 
of about 681 acres. The Capulin Mountain cinder cone is one of tiie 
geologically recent cones in the United States which are of excep- 
tion nl scientific interest. 

DINOSAUR NATIONAL MONUMENT. 

The Dinosaur National Monument, in Utah, was created by presi- 
dential proclamation October 4, 1915, and has an area of approxi- 
mately 80 acres. This monument contains embedd'ed in its rocks 
fossils of dinosaurs and other reptilian monsters of gTeat scientific 
interest which it is believed should be protected from exploitation, 
at least until the Government is able to obtain a complete collection 
for the National Museum. 

PROPOSED NEW PARKS. 

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK. 

The Grand Canyon of the Colorado is one of the greatest natural 
wonders of America, the gorge itself being one of the largest and 



10 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

most magnificent in the world, and from its rim the traveler over- 
looks a thousand square miles of pyramids and minarets rising from 
the floor of the canyon and ever changing in color. It is at present 
a national monument, administered by the Department of Agricul- 
ture, and the officials of that department and of the Forest Service 
have agreed that it should be made into a national park, as in this 
way it would be more practicable to develop the reservation through 
the construction of roads, trails, and such other improvements as 
would offer increased attractions for visiting tourists. It is pro- 
posed to include in the park an area of greater extent than is at 
present covered by the monument. The Grand Canyon is now one 
of the most popular show places of the United States, and if im- 
proved and made convenient for tourist travel the number of visit- 
ors would be multiplied. I strongly recommend that this national 
park be established during the next session of (Congress. 

ENLARGED SEQUOIA. 

A bill was introduced in Congress to enlarge the boundaries of , 
the present Sequoia National Park, in California, to include the 
Kings and Kern River Canyons, and it is hoped this bill will be en- 
acted at the next session of Congress. This would make the area ap- 
proximately 1,600 square miles, an increase of 1,335 square miles over 
its present area. The park at present has no exceptional scenery 
except the three groves of Sequoia w ashing toniana^ which it Avas 
originally created to preserve, while just to the east of it lies some of 
the most magnificant scenerj^ to be found anywhere in the world. 
I earnestly recommend the proposed extension which includes a por- 
tion of the great Western Divide and the crest of the Sierra topped 
by Mount Whitney, the highest point in continental United States. 

MOUNT McKINLEY NATIONAL PARK. 

A bill was introduced in Congress for the establishment of the 
Mount McKinley National Park, in Alaska. As this is the loftiest 
mountain in North America (altitude 20,300 feet) and the highest 
peak in the world above the line of perpetual snow, it is one of 
the noblest spectacles of its kind in the world. The Government 
railroad, which is now being built in Alaska, runs within about 
45 miles of Mount McKinley, and the creation of this national park 
would, no doubt, result in additional traffic for this road and addi- 
tional visitors to Alaska, and would give an impetus to the settling 
of the country. Also the reservation of this land by the creation of 
the park would mean the establishment of what would probably be 
our greatest big game preserve, with moose, caribou, and bighorn 
sheep. This bill passed the Senate at its last session and it is lioped 
that it will be enacted during the next session of Congress. 

MOUNT HOOD NATIONAL PARK. 

A bill was introduced in Congress for the creation of the Mount 
Hood National Parks, in the State of Oregon. This bill proposed 
to embody in the parks eight noncontiguous tracts of land. x\ 
national park should be made of Mount Hood, but it is not considered 



SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 11 

advisable that it consist of these separated tracts of hind. You rec- 
ommended in your annual report to the President in 1915 that this 
national park be established, and this year you submitted to Con- 
gress a draft of proposed legislation creating a park comprising one 
undivided tract of land. 

IDAHO (SAWTOOTH) NATIONAL PARK. 

A bill was introduced in Congress to establish the Sawtooth Na- 
tional Park, in the State of Idaho. The land proposed to be included 
in this park is practicall}'^ in the center of the State of Idaho, and 
has an area of about 329,910 acres, less than 1,000 acres of which is 
affected by any sort of private claim. This State has no national 
park, and the proposed new park would be readily accessible from 
various branches of the Oregon Short Line. It is not far distant 
from the regularly traveled automobile highway through Twin Falls 
and Shoshone, and could be readily visited, and no doubt would be, 
by visitors from the Yellowstone National Park. It would consti- 
tute a most important link in the chain of national parks, located 
as it is between the Yellowstone and the Mount Rainier Parks. The 
proposed park contains an unusuallj^ interesting portion of the Saw- 
tooth Range, which show^s the characteristics of the three main 
mountain ranges in the United States. The southern portion re- 
minds one of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, the middle resem- 
bles the Sierra in California, and the northern end exhibits the 
characteristics of the Cascade Range in Washington. It should be 
known as the Idaho National Park rather than the Sawtooth. 

MOUNT BAKER NATIONAL PARK. 

A bill was introduced in Congress for the creation of the Mount 
Baker National Park in the State of Washington. Mount Baker 
is the farthest north of America's high mountains, outside of Alaska, 
and overlooks a scene of wildest grandeur. It is a dome- crowned 
bulk of vast extent, nearly 11,000 feet high, and is deeply grooved 
by 12 glaciers. From the mountain itself stretches a bewilder- 
ing panorama of mountain and valley, forest and field, threaded by 
numerous clear streams, and on clear days the sea can be seen in 
the distance. 

PRIVATE HOLDINGS. 

In several national parks, notably Sequoia, Glacier, Mount Rainier, 
and Yosemite, there are large tracts of land held in private owner- 
ship—property acquired under the general land laws prior to the 
creation of the parks by acts of Congress. Many of these tracts 
embrace scenic features of rare charm, and in at least one park — 
Sequoia — the natural features of greatest importance, the verj'' fea- 
tures that were sought to be preserved forever by the establish- 
ment of the park, are in private hands. I refer to the enormous 
sequoia trees {Sequoia w ashing t07iiana) in what is known as the 
Giant Forest. For many years efforts have been made to acquire 
title to these timberlands and revest the same in the Federal Gov- 
ernment, and measures designed to accomplish this end were intro- 
duced in Congress from time .to time. 

During the season of 1915 the assistant to the Secretary visited 
the Giant Forest and ascertained the names and addresses of the 



12 SUPEK1XT?:XDE^-T OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 

owners of the tracts of lands on which most of the giant trees are 
standing. Some intimation of tlie price that would be asked for 
these holdings and the conditions upon which they w^ould be disposed 
of were also obtained. Subsequently the department recommended in 
its estimates for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, the^nactment of 
legislation authorizing the Secretary of the Interior in his discretion 
to expend $50,000 in the purchase of "such private holdings in the 
park as in his judgment are desirable for the better administration 
of the reservation." 

Later an option on a group of the largest holdings was obtained. The 
])urchase price of these holdings was fixed at $70,000. An appropria- 
tion of $50,000, as recommended, was made by Congress in the sundry 
civil act, and the additional $20,000 will be subscribed by public- 
spirited citizens and organizations. Thus will be consummated a 
transaction which Avill go far toward freeing the wonderful Giant 
Forest of private holdings. But more remains to be done. There 
will still remain in private ownership several tracts of land contain- 
ing numerous big trees, and thej^ will continue a menace to good 
administration of the Giant Forest if not purchased. Hotels and 
other concessions might be erected on these holdings and be abso- 
lutely free from departmental regulations in the interest of the 
public; the big trees on the lands would remain subject to the fire 
hazard, and no provision could be made for clearing away under- 
brush, dead and doAvn timber, and otherwise making the trees as 
attractive and accessible as other sections of the Forest under Federal 
control. 

A further approj^riation is needed to complete the purchase of 
these important Giant Forest lands. 

In Glacier National Park the private holdings which are sought 
to be extinguished are practically all on the west side of the Conti- 
nental Divide. The principal holdings lie on the shores of Lake 
McDonald and along the road leading to the foot of this lake from 
Belton, the western entrance point on the Great Northern Railway. 
This Belton-Lake McDonald road, through its entire course of 
nearly 3 miles, has been constructed over privately owned lands 
which are covered with valuable merchantable timber. These liold- 
mgs extend to the south boundary of the park, the north shore of 
the Flathead River, and it has thus been impossible to establish 
the headquarters of the park on public land at a point which would 
be accessible to the tourists. Several years ago the supervisor's 
office was located on the southwestern shore of Lake McDonald at 
a point which has proven to be a most undesirable location from 
every jjoint of view. The logical location for the park headquai'ters 
is the tract of land on the noi-th shore of the Flathead River and 
across the river from Belton. Fortunately there now exists an 
opportunity to secure this tract for an administrative site. 

We are now developing plans which will enable us to take advan- 
tage of this opportunity, but congressional action will be necessary 
to fully consummate them. 

Should Congress make possible the consummation of these arrange- 
ments many of the diffi^culties resulting from private ownership, of 
lands in Glacier Park will be obviated. 

It is unfortunate that a tract of land in private hands near the 
head of Lake McDonald is to be developed as villa sites. The pro- 



SUPEKINTENDENT OF NATIOlSrAL PARKS. 13 

motion of projects of this character is regarded as inconsistent with 
the purposes of Congress in setting aside lands for national-park 
purposes, and they can not be considered as objects worthy of Federal 
assistance or encouragement. 

A bill, S. 778, authorizing the exchange of lands along roads in 
the scenic sections of the park for lands of approximately equal value 
in other portions of the park, and in national forests of Montana, 
passed the Senate recently and is now pending in the Committee on 
Public Lands of the House of Representatives. 

In Yosemite National Park there are numerous tracts of land of 
extraordinary scenic beauty which are in private hands. Among 
them may be mentioned the beautiful meadows and alpine park 
lands near Lake Tenaya, at White Wolf and Aspen Valley, a villa 
site on the Big Oak Flat road near the north wall of Yosemite 
Valley, and a number of tracts of timberland with exceedingly heavy 
grow^ths of large sugar and yellow pine. 

All private holdings should ultimately be extinguished, and title 
to the same returned to the United States. By acts of Congress 
approved April 9, 1912 (37 Stat., 80), and April 16, 1914 (38 
Stat., 45), authority was granted for the exchange of lands of this 
character along the park roads for lands of equal value in other sec- 
tions of the park, and under certain specified conditions in the Sierra 
and Stanislaus National Forests, in the State of California. Under 
the provisions of these laws, several tracts of private lands have been 
exchanged for lands in the park and adjacent national forests. 
Among the private holdings, however, the existing toll roads are the 
most embarrassing to the administration of the reservation at the 
present time. These highways should be secured by the Federal 
Government as soon as possible, and improved and maintained as 
parts of the general road system. 

In Mount Rainier National Park the lands in private ownership 
at Longmire Springs should be acquired for park purposes. On 
these there is a hotel which is not subject to departmental regula- 
tions, and no control can be exercised over the sanitation and general 
upkeep of these premises. There are other private holdings of more 
or less importance in the park, which should ultimately be secured. 
Acquisition of the Longmire Springs property, however, is very es- 
sential to the proper development of this section of the reservation. 

RANGER FORCE. 

Special attention was given to the ranger force in each park during 
the season 1916 while discussing plans with the supervisors. Gen- 
erally it was found that conditions were not conducive to best service. 
During the coming winter there will be presented for your considera- 
tion a plan which I believe will remedy the present situation. I 
strongly recommend that each member of the corps be appointed 
in the National Park Service, rather than as at present to the park 
in which they are to work, so that an employee in one park may be 
xeadily transferred to another park, where his training and experi- 
ence make him more valuable to the service. 

The ranger force in reality makes the success or failure in admin- 
istering the parks, and I feel that there should be a civil -service 
examination to determine the educational qualifications of the 

6539»— 1& 2 



14 SUPERINTENDEISrT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

rangers. While such an examination can not determine the most 
important requirements, temperament, tact, etc., it would give an 
assured fundamental base to build upon, and after one season's trial, 
before a permanent appointment was made, the department would 
know if the ranger had the desired all-around qualifications for the 
ranger corps. 

The longer a man is in the service the more valuable he is, and, 
therefore, I think a ranger should enter the service with the desire 
of making it his life's work, and after the service is once fully or- 
ganized, promotions to higher positions should be made in the corps, 
so that each man would have the fullest incentive to give his best 
service, knowing that advancement would be based solely on char- 
acter and general efficiency 

CONSTRUCTION WORK. 

The apparent policy in the past in making appropriations for 
road and trail construction has been to give only enough to provide 
for the most immediate needs. This is most unfortunate and ex- 
pensive. It adds to the final cost easily 25 per cent, whereas if there 
were appropriated at one time sufficient to construct the road to final 
completion, the department would plan in a businesslike way and 
acquire the necessary machinery, etc., to do the work properly. It 
must be remembered that on account of the weather conditions in 
practically all the national parks the summer season is the only time 
road work can be done, and the appropriations being usually avail- 
able on July 1 (some years later), the working season is cut in 
half and part of the appropriation is left to be expended before 
July 1 of the next year. As the department does not know when the 
appropriations for the new year may be made, nor the amounts that 
will be available, it is sometimes impossible to expend economically 
these appropriations. In fact, in any field service where appropria- 
tions lapse on June 30, at least 25 per cent additional is added, be- 
cause of forced work, to the cost. 

I therefore recommend that all appropriations for construction in 
the national parks be made immediately available and that they 
continue to be available until expended. 

I shall present for your consideration during the coming winter 
an estimate of the cost for the full development of the national 
parks, which, in my judgment, is necessary in order to make them 
easily accessible and available for the fullest enjoyment and benefit 
of the people. 

YOSEMITE HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT. 

The sundry civil app)ropriation act approved July 1, 1916, carried 
an item of $150,000 for the erection of a new power plant in the 
Yosemite National Park. This plant is now under construction and 
will be finished by June 30, 1917. The intake, a small diversion dam, 
is located at the head of the rapids in the Merced Kiver near Pohono 
Bridge and the power house will be near Cascade Creek. This 
seemed the best location and fortunately is below the floor of the 
valley and does not affect any of the falls and rapids above the lower 
end of the valley at Pohono Bridge. It is being constructed with 
special care so as to be as inconspicuous as possible along El Portal 
Road. The plant when completed will generate approximately 1,500 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 15 

kilowatts during high water and approximately 750 kilowatts 
during the low water in the fall. This will furnish sufficient power 
for lighting all camps and the new hotel under construction, as well 
as all the main roads and footpaths in the Yosemite Valley, and for 
heating and cooking at the hotel and permanent camps. 

This work is being done by the department under the supervision 
of the Superintendent of National Parks, through Galloway and 
Markwart, supervising electrical engineers of San Francisco, Cal. 

SANITATION. 

Mr. J. A. Hill, of Chicago, who has had wide experience in hand- 
ling hotels and has made a speciality of sanitary conditions in con- 
nection with the operations of hotels, was appointed inspector and 
assigned to the detailed examination of all hotels and camps in the 
several national parks. His report is exhaustive and valuable in- 
deed, and his recommendations will be adopted and put into opera- 
tion as fast as possible, as I believe they will add much to the com- 
fort and safety of tlie tourists. 

During my visit of general inspection to the national parks, during 
the season of 1916, I was constantly impressed with the total lack of 
any systematic sanitary arrangements. The national parks, to give 
full benefit and enjoyment to our people, must be kept in the best 
possible sanitary condition. There is not an adequate sanitary sys- 
tem in a single park, and the great increase in travel to all the parks 
in the last two years makes the sanitary problem- the most important 
question in every park. 

In the Yosemite, for instance, on July 4 last on the floor of the 
valley, in an area of about 1 square mile, there were 5,000 people, and 
during the season of 1916 some 33,000 people — a good sized city — and 
yet here there is nothing that can be called a sewer system. In the 
Sequoia, in an area of approximately one-fourth square mile, there 
were 10,687 people during about four months, and in General Grant 
during the same time, in an area of approximately one-eighth square 
mile, there were 15,226 people, and in neither of these parks is there 
any kind of sanitary system, save the crude dry-box toilets. Crater 
Lake is no better, Mesa Verde is even worse, and in fact all the parks 
are in a deplorable condition in this respect, and I shudder at the 
probability of an epidemic of typhoid fever or some other common 
epidemic that could be directly charged to the lack of proper sanita- 
tion. In connection with the necessity for sanitation there is also 
need for an adequate water system for each park. Therefore. I can 
not too strongly urge that the estimates submitted to Congress for the 
next fiscal year, containing recommendation for appropriations for 
sanitation and water supply, receive the favorable consideration of 
Congress and that the funds authorized be made available for imme- 
diate expenditure. 

ADMISSION OF AUTOMOBILES TO PARK. 

All of the parks are now open to motorists and practically all ob- 
jectional restrictions that were imposed in the past have been elimi- 
nated. Automobiles were first admitted to the Mount Rainier Na- 
tional Park in 1908, General Grant in 1910, Crater Lake in 1911, 
Glacier in 1912, Yosemite and Sequoia in 1913, and Mesa Verde in 



IQ SUPEEINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PAEKS. 

1914. Automobiles are permitted in the Eocky Mountain, Piatt, 
Wind Cave, Sullys Hill, and Casa Grande Ruin, and in the Hot 
Springs under special conditions and on special occasions. 

During the season of 1915, private automobiles, used for pleasure 
purposes only, were admitted in the Yellowstone National Park 
under schedule that did not interfere at all with the regular horse- 
drawn stage coaches, and in 1916 free shelter garages were con- 
structed at the principal. points of interest. The admission of pri- 
vate automobiles in the Yellowstone has proven a tremendous success 
during two seasons, and now that the roads have been greatly im- 
proved it is planned to discontinue the horse-drawn stage and use 
automobile transportation entirely in this park beginning with the 
season of 1917. When this is accomplished, transportation by the 
concessioners in all of the parks will be by automobile. 

The automobile revenues are growing and in time will be the prin- 
cipal revenue from the parks. Every effort is, therefore, being made 
to give to the motorist every opportunity to use the parks, such as 
good safe roads, supply stations, camp grounds, shelter garages, etc. 

The road leading from Cody, the home of Buffalo Bill, up the 
Shoshone River to the lake formed by the impounding of the river 
waters by the great Shoshone Dam, thence up the North Fork of this 
river to the eastern entrance to Yellowstone Park, which is just below 
the beautiful Sylvan Pass in the Absaroka Range, was opened this 
season for the 'first time as a general highway for tourist travel. 
More than 3,300 people entered or departed from the park via this 
route during the summer, and this " Cody Entrance," as it is called, 
has been described by many who enjoyed its wonders as the " sensa- 
tion of the season." 

The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad extensively advertised 
this new entrance to the park, and maintained excellent train service 
to Cody from various Middle West points. By direction of the de- 
partment and under permit from it a company was organized to 
operate an automobile stage line between Cody and the Lake Hotel, 
where connection was made with the belt-line stages for the regular 
park tour. This company, which was known as the Cody-Sylvan 
Pass Motor Co., was organized by the transportation concessioners 
and camping companies holding concessions in the park, and was thus 
given a direct connection with long-established park enterprises. 
New . and comfortable automobile busses of the latest model were 
operated by the Cody-Sylvan Pass Co. and service first class in every 
respect was rendered. 

The large increase in automobile travel to all the parks during the 
season of 1915 seemed to Avarrant the issuance of special guide maps 
and automobile regulations combined for use of automobilists, and an 
experiment was made in issuing a guide map. For the Yosemite and 
Yellowstone approximately 17,000 each were distributed through 
automobile clubs and chambers of commerce and to individuals. The 
appreciation of the users of these maps was shown by the considerable 
increase in travel. It is therefore planned to issue similar maps for 
each park for the season of 1917. 

Respectfully submitted, R, B. Marshall, 

/Superintendent of National Parks. 

The Secretary of the Interior, 

Washington^ D. C. 



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EXCERPTS FROM REPORTS OF SUPERVISORS OF 
NATIONAL PARKS. 

The following are excerpts from the reports of the supervisors 
(whose title was changed from that of superintendent during the past 
year) of the various national parks : 

HOT SPRINGS RESERVATION. 
Dr. William P. Parks, Supervisor, Hot Springs, Ark. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

There were given this year 544,371 paid baths in the several batliliouses, 
which is an excess of 64,144 baths, the total given last year having been 480,227. 
The total receipts of the different bathhouses this year were $243,568.29, and the 
total receipts last year were $200,629.21 , making a net gain of $42,939.08. Dur- 
ing tlie month of Marcli this year the total receipts of- the bathhouses were 
$43,062.53, and for the month of March last year, $28,669.38, making a net 
gain for the single month of $14,393.15. The month of March is always con- 
sidered the banner month of the year. It is estimated that approximately 
125,000 persons visited Hot Springs during the past fiscal year. 

In addition to the 544,371 paid baths shown above there were given 2,243 
complimentary baths in the pay bathhouses, 103,398 baths at the Government 
Free Bathhouse, and 4,284 baths at the Levi Memorial Bathhouse, making a 
total of 654,296 baths during the past fiscal year. 

LEGENDARY HISTORY. 

The Hot Springs of Arkansas are 50 miles southwest of Little Rock, Arkansas's 
capital. Just how long hot water has been issuing from 'the earth at this point 
we do not know, nor can we ever know. Twenty-three hundred years is the 
minimum estimate of scientists. It is also equally as uncertain when the first 
human being penetrated the wild and lonely mountain fastnesses and discovered 
this marvelous gift of a beneficent God. I shall not dwell on the romantic 
legends which tell us how adventurous Indian tribes battled from time to time 
for control of the hot waters in which they believed the " Great Spirit " to be 
ever present, and how a__truce was finally declared, under which their benefits 
were extended to the sicK^ all tribes. 

It is recorded that the Spaniards under De Soto were the first white men to 
look upon and drink of the waters of the Hot Springs. This leader, with his 
proud chivalric band of Castilians, reached the springs in the autumn of 1541. 
Old court records show that the Spaniards when in possession of the country 
just before it passed to the United States realized the value of the springs and 
made a futile attempt to wrest them away from the effects of the Louisiana 
purchase of 1803. 

The earliest settlement of which we have any positive information was the 
building of a cabin at the springs in 1807 by Manuel Prudhotame. Mr. Hemp- 
stead, in his history of Arkansas, reproduces a letter written in the year 1829, 
fi'om " The Hot Springs of the Washita," which says : " Until this season everyone 
who came here was obliged to provide for himself shelter and provisions as 
he could. This year a boarding house has been established by a family from 
Boston, and the accommodations are quite comfortable. I do not doubt but 
that this will be kept up * * * boarding for man and horse is one dollar per 
day." The first bathhouse of which we have any knowledge was erected in 1830. 

In 1827 application was made for a patent to the land embracing the springs, 
but it was withheld on the ground that the Indian title had not at that time 
been extinguished, and afterwards withheld on the advice of the Attorney Gen- 
oral that the New Madrid certificates, upon which the claim was based, were not 
looatable south of the Arkansas River. 

17 



18 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

In 1832 our Government, believing that the All-Wise Architect of the Universe 
had a purpose in creating these fountains of health almost midw^ay between our 
ocean boundaries, and that such a priceless gift should be free from monopoly 
and exploitation, set aside for the future disposal of the United States, not to 
be entered, located, or appropriated for any other purpose whatever, the hot 
springs and four sections of land surrounding them, then making the first 
national park reservation of the country and preserving forever the waters for 
the use of all. 

But, notwithstanding the act of Congress, the title to the springs remained in 
dispute. There were three claimants to the property, and litigation over it, 
Vk'hich began in 1852, ended in 1876 by a decision of the Supreme Court of the 
United States in favor of the Government against all claimants. 

In 1877 the commissioners of the Government settled the right of possession 
and purchase as between several thousand different individuals who had set- 
tled on the property, holding by lease or purchase. Valuations were placed on 
the different parcels, and the commissioners decided who were entitled to pur- 
chase the same. These adverse claims and resulting litigations retarded the 
growth of the city of Hot Springs, but the permanent settlement of title and 
the multitudinous questions involved marked a new era in the city's history, 
as is now evidenced by a beautiful city. 

The Hot Springs Reservation now has an area of 911 acres, consisting of 
five units — viz, Hot Springs, North, West, and Sugar Loaf Mountains, and 
Whittington Lake Reserve Park, but the hot waters issue foi'th only from the 
west slope and at the base of Hot Springs Mountain which embraces 264 acres, 
and the 47 springs with an average daily flow of 848,000 gallons and an 
average temperature of 135° F. are confined within an area approximately 500 
by 1,400 feet. 

THE CITY OF HOT SPRINGS. 

The city of Hot Springs is located in a spur of the beautiful Ozark Moun- 
tains, and enjoys ideal climatic conditions similar to those of southern Cali- 
fornia or southern Italy, abounding in sunshine and balmy weather in the win- 
ter and relatively cool summers, all of which tend to popularize it as a re- 
sort. It is a municipality governed by State and municipal laws, and the 
Department of the Interior exercises no control or supervision over any mat- 
ters connected with the city. 

It has a population of 16,000 exclusive of its suburbs,- and ranks in size as 
the fourth city in the State. It is cosmopolitan in character, having visitors 
at times from all parts of the world, and classes in this respect with other 
cities many times its size. 

The elevation of the central part of the city is 600 feet above sea level, and 
the surrounding moxintain tops 500 to 600 feet higher. 

Doctor drumming as now carried on is consummated by first obtaining the 
confidence of the prospective victim, and later by various means causing the 
patient to go to some physician who is willing to give up half the fee in order 
to secure the patient. This is a most vicious practice and should be eliminated 
root and branch. In taking affidavits in this office it is not an infrequent 
occurrence that the drummer first steers the patient to some drug store, and 
through an understanding with the druggist the patient is recommended to 
the doctor to whom the drummer desires him to go. 

Constant and timely investigations of all complaints are made by this office 
and in this manner the evil has been curtailed to a great extent but not elim- 
inated, as it has been difficult to secure evidence which the department deemed 
sufficient to take action. The supervisor has spent much time in the investi- 
gation of these cases and so far as is in his power has made an earnest effort 
to carry out the rules and regulations. 

EMPLOYEES. 

Tliere are at present 30 regular employees engaged in the administration, 
maintenance, protection, and care of the interests of the reservation. All of 
these employees were appointed from Arkansas under civil-service rules. 

THE OERTEL SYSTEM OF MOUNTAIN CLIMBING. 

The Oertel system of graduated exercise laid out in four courses on Hot 
Springs and North Mountains and completed last year has been the source of 
much benefit to the visiting public, and a large number of persons avail them- 
selves of these courses for their exercisfe. 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 19 

There has been quite a demand for the map showing these courses, and pliy- 
sicians as well as patrons seem highly pleased that these courses have been 
established. They will be used more from year to year when the public becomes 
better acquainted with this scientific method of exercise. This being the only 
course of the kind in this country, the people naturally have to become ac- 
quainted with the benefits to be derived from its use. 

IMPROVEMENTS. 

Roads and bridges have been repaired and rubble-stone retaining walls con- 
structed in various places on the reservation where required. 

The necessary repairs have been made to the free bathhouse and various 
pavilions and to the supervisor's office and residence. 

In addition there has been much time and labor spent in the beautification 
and maintenance of Reserve Park, as well as Whittington Lake Park, in the 
way of cultivating flowers and shrubbery, planting and trimming hedges, main- 
taining and cutting lawns, pruning trees, and work generally necessary to 
promote the beauty of the park, and it is safe to say that the Hot Springs 
Mountain Reservation never looked better than at the present time. 

NEW SPRING. 

During the latter part of September, while excavating for the foundation of the 
Superior Bathhouse, there was developed a flow of hot water from a point 
near the Superior Reservoir at the northeast corner of the men's bathing hall 
of the bathhouse. This spring had a flow of approximately 22,000 gallons every 
24 hours and the temperature being 147° F. Upon instructions from the depart- 
ment the water was secured and piped into the general supply line connected 
up with the main impounding reservoir in the rear of the supervisor's office. 

ADMISSION OF AUTOMOBILES ON WEST MOUNTAIN ROAD. 

The department under date of February 7, 1916, authorized the superin- 
tendent to permit automobiles to use the main West Mountain Road, and 
accordingly, after due notification through the newspapers, this road was opened 
to automobiles on February 22, 1916, under certain regulations approved by the 
department January 22, 1916. 

GOVERNMENT FREE BATHHOUSE. 

The Government Free Bathhouse has been operated during the past year for 
the indigent in accordance with the acts of Congress of December 16, 1878, and 
March 2, 1911, with the following results : 

Total applications for free baths 6, 328 

Number refused 281 

Tickets issued to — 

White males 3, 793 

White females L—, .566 

Colored males ^ ! 1, 053 

Colored females . 635 

Total tickets issued on original applications 6, 047 

Tickets reissued to- 
White males ^^ 774 

White females ^ 1 122 

Colored males 219 

Colored females 57 

Total tickets reissued 1, 172 

Total tickets to — 

White males 4, 567 

AVhite females 688 

Colored males '. 1, 272 

Colored females 692 

Total tickets, including reissues 7, 219 



20 SUPERIlSrTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 

Baths given : 

White males 64, 448 

White females 10, 154 

Colored males 19, 026 

Colored females 9, 770 

Total baths given 103,398 

Average number of persons bathed daily, 336+. 

Examination of the above table shows a decrease of approximately 18 per 
cent in tlie number of tickets issued, baths given, and daily average, due to the 
rigid enforcement of the acts of Congress and of the rules and regulations 
governing the bathhouse and to the investigation of a number of cases resulting 
in the baths being denied to a number of persons who had been bathing for 
som.e time when they did not require the baths or were able to pay for them 
elsewhere. It is belieA^ed that all persons now bathing in this bathhouse are 
actually indigent within the full sense and meaning of the law and are entitled 
to the baths. 

FKKE CLINIC. 

In compliance with a request from several of the registered physicians and 
in accordance with my recommendation the department under date of March 15, 
1916, authorized these physicians to use the vacant rooms over the Government 
Free Bathhouse for clinic purposes, and also granted them the use of the equip- 
ment which had heretofore been purchasefl by the department for the use of 
the former medical director. 

On April 1, following the authority, a free clinic was organized for the pui*- 
pose of giving medical treatment to patrons of the Government bathhouse who 
were unable to obtain means to pay for medical treatment, and also to ascertain 
as nearly as possible the effects of the hot water on cases not under medical 
treatment. 

This work is in its infancy and so far much good has resulted and benefits 
rendered to these unfortunate people. The clinic is operated between the hours 
of 1 and 3 p. m. every day except Sundays and holidays, and the physicians who 
are giving their time to this work are to be commended for their efforts. Upon 
the reconstruction or remodeling of the free bathhouse it is intended to finish up 
a modern clinic, and when this shall have been accomplished to fully equip it 
in such a manner as to better facilitate the work. 

The monthly reports from the clinic indicate that they have observed 382 
cases from April 1 to June 30, inclusive. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS OF THE WATER. 

The purpose of organizing a free clinic at the Government Free Bathhouse 
was largely to observe the physiological effects of the hot water and its thera- 
peutic value. This is being done to determine the effects of the waters upon the 
pulse, temperature, and blood pressure, as follows : 

1. Determination of atmospheric temperature in the bath hall and the temper- 
ature of the water in each pool. 

2. Observation of the pulse, temperature, and blood pressure before the bath. 

3. Observation of the pulse, temperature, and blood pressure in the bath at 
various intervals. 

4. Recording the duration of the bath. 

5. Observation of the pulse, temperature, and blood pressure after the baths 
at various intervals to determine the degrees of reaction and the duration of 
same. 

6. An observation of the results to determine the influence on the reaction 
obtained on persons of widely different ages, the number of previous baths, air 
temperature in the bathhouse, temperature of the water, and duration of the 
baths ; also the rapidity and duration of the reaction. 

Also observation is being made on the blood pressure, the effects of the hot 
water on the leucocytes, the polynuclear cells of the blood, and its phagocytic 
power. 

We hope to be able during the next year by observing closely the above plan 
to furnish some interesting data concerning the therapeutic value of the waters. 




LEGEND. 

[The numbers in this list refer to the smaller nu ru- 
bers on the map; the larger numbers on the n:;iii 
are the numbers of the squares.] 

1. Superintendent's office. 

2. Lamar bathhouse. 

3. BuckstafE baths. 

4. Ozark bathhouse. 

5. Magnesia bathhouse. 

6. Horse Shoe bathhouse. 

7. Palace bathhouse. 

8. Maurice bathhouse. 

9. Hale bathhouse. 

10. Superior bathhouse. 

11. Arlington Hotel and baths. 

12. Government free bathhouse. 

13. Imperial bathhouse. 

14. Hot Springs bathhouse and hotel. 

15. Rector bathhouse and Waukesha Hotel. 

16. Rockafellow bathhouse and hotel. 

17. Majestic Hotel and baths. 

18. St. Joseph Infirmary. 

19. Great Northern Hotel and baths. 

20. Post office. 

21. Business Men's League. 

22. Rock Island Station. 

23. Iron Mountain Station. 

24. Ozark Sanitarium. 

25. Alhambra bathhouse. 

26. Moody Hotel and baths. 

27. City Hall and Auditorium Theater. 

28. == Electric street car line. 

29. Main entrance to reservation. 



30. Park Hotel and baths. 

31. Eastman Hotel and baths. 

32. Arkansas National Bank. 

33. Security Bank. 

34. Citizens National Bank. 

35. Elks' Home and Masonic Temple. 

36. First Baptist Church. 

37. First Methodist Church. 

38. Episcopal Church. 

39. Catholic Chvu-ch. 

40. First Presbyterian Church. 

41. Whittington Lake Park. 

42. High-school building. 

43. County courthouse. 

44. Superintendent's official residence. 

North, West, and Hot Springs Mountains and 
Whittington Lake Park form the permanent 
Hot Springs Reservation, owned and operated by 
the Government. 



65399—16. (To face page 20.) 



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SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 21 

RADIOACTIVITY OF THE WATERS. 

In 1904 the Secretary of the Interior authorized Dr. Bertram B. Boltwood, of 
I'ale University, to report on the radioactivity of the waters. The following 
rf^sumg of Dr. Boltwood's conclusions appeared in the annual report of the 
Secretary of the Interior for 1904 : 

<i * * * The results of the electroscopic tests of the gases obtained by 
boiling the waters were very satisfactory, as they showed that the waters 
at Hot Springs are radioactive to a marked degree ; and from other tests, 
taken toj determine the properties of the emanation from the waters, it was 
found that the properties of these radioactive gases were identical with those 
of the radium emanation. 

" On the other hand, when water from which the gas had once been taken 
was boiled a second time, after being allowed to stand, no radioactivity was 
detected in the gas obtained from the second boiling, and it was therefore cou- 
•cluded that little or no radium salts existed in the waters. This conclusion was 
strengthened by the fact that a test of the residue of the waters which had 
been left by evaporation also failed to disclose any sign of radioactivity of this 
solid substance. A sample from the tufa deposit, formed by some of the 
springs on issuing frohi the ground, was also tested, and it was found that the 
amount of radium contained, in 100 grams of tufa was less than one one- 
millionth of the quantity of radium, associated with an equal weight of uranium 
in pitchblende. Samples of the gas which arose from the springs were also 
tested, and its radioactivity was found to be less than of an equal volume of 
gas obtained by boiling the waters from the springs. The following conclu- 
sions are reached by Dr. Boltwood as to the result of his investigations : 

" 1. The waters of the springs on the Hot Springs Reservation are all radio- 
active to a marked degree. 

" 2. The radioactivity of ihe waters is due to dissolved radium emanation 
<a gas), and not to the presence of salts of radium or other radioactive solids." 

THE PAY BATHHOUSES. 

It is with much pride that Hot Springs is enabled to boast of the most 
magnificent and palatial bathhouses to be found anywhere. There is no 
question that these bathing facilities are superior to anything of this kind now 
in existence. A high standard of efficiency is maintained in the operation of 
practically all of these bathhouses, and the rules and regulations governing 
their operation are strictly enforced. The supervisor makes frequent inspec- 
tions of each and every bathhouse receiving hot water from the Hot Springs 
Reservation and by this means soon ascertains if there is any delinquency on 
the part of the management or the attendants. Whenever any unsatisfactory 
condition is observed, no matter how small or trivial it may be, the matter is 
brought tc the attention of the management in order that it may be remedied 
at once. 

This year has been a prosperous one for the bathhouses. 

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS. 

The receipts and disbursements on account of the Hot Springs Reservation 
during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, were as follows : 

Proceeds, sale of lots, special fund. 

July 1, 1916, balance remaining to credit of fund of $82,518, derived 

from the sale of Government lots $4, 972. 49 

Protection and improveineht, Hot Springs Reservation, indefinite {revenue fund). 

July 1, 1915, balance to credit of revenue fund $63, 023. 81 

Receipts, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, inclusive: 

Water rents $27, 810. 00 

Ground rents 10,100.00 

Sale of 3 bath attendant's badges, at 24 cents, and 
39 bath attendant's badges, at 40 cents 16. 32 

Sale of 1,500 Oertel system maps, at $1 per 100— _ 15. 00 

37, 941. 32 



22 



SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 



Protection and improvement, Hot Springs Reservation, indefinite {revenue 

fund ) — Continued. 

Receipts, July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, inclusive — Continued. 
Repay by W. P. Parks, special disbursing officer, 
of amount disallowed in his accounts for March, 
3915 quarter, by Auditor for Interior Department, 
on traveling expenses of himself, paid in quarter 
ended Mar. 31, 1915 $2. 85 

Total receipts — $37, 944. 17 

Total available 100,967.98 

Disbursements : 

Salaries of supervisor and reservation employees, 

July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, inclusive $26, 598. 92 

Improvements, repairs, incidentals, and miscel- 
laneous supplies 12, 922. 34 

Expended by supervisor 39, 521. 26 

Additional expended by the department 739. 88 

Total disbursements 40, 261. 14 

Available balance, July 1, 1916 60, 706. 84 

There are at present 19 pay bathhouses in operation in Hot Springs, i-e- 
ceiving hot water from the Hot Springs Reservation, with the following rates 
for baths, approved by the Secretary of the Interior, in effect therein, since 
January 1, 1916: 



Bathhouse. 



Alhambra 
Arlington. 
BuckstafE. 
Eastman. 
Fordyce.. 

Hale 

Imperial.. 

Lamar 

Magnesia . 
Majestic . . 



Single 
bath. 



$0. 40 
.65 
.60 
.55 
.6-5 
.50 
.55 
.45 
.40 
.55 



Course of 
21 baths. 



$7.00 
12.00 
11.00 
10.00 
12.00 
9.00 
10.00 
8.00 
7.00 
10.00 



Bathhouse. 



Maurice... 

Moody 

Ozark 

Ozgjk Sanatorium 

Pythian (colored) 

Rector 

Rockafell'ow 

St. Joseph's Infirmary 
Superior 



Single 
bath. 



Course of 
21 baths. 



$11.00 
9.0O 

7.oa 

8.00' 
4.00 
8.00 
8.00 

9.oa 

8.00 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 



23 



There are at the present time 26 leases of hot-water and ground privileges 
in force. 

Hot-ivater and ground leases. 



Xame of bathhouse, etc. 



Lessee. 



Tubs. 



Date of lease. 



Expiration. 



Alhambra 

Arlington 1 

Buc' staff 

Eastman ' 

Fordvce 

Hale! 

Horse Shoe 2 

Imperial 

Lamar 

lyevi Memorial 

Magnesia s 

Majestic ' 

Maurice 

Moody 1 

Ozark? 

Ozark Sanatorium 

Park 14 

Pythian (colored) 

Rector ^ 

Roc' afellow 

S t . Joseph's Infirmary i . 

Superior ^ ". . . 

Waverly ' 

Horse Pool * » 

Arlington Hotel, ground 

lease. 
Hot Springs Mountain 

Observatory, ground 

lease. 



Alhambra Bathhouse Co 

Arlington Hotel Co 

Buc' staff Bath House Co 

J'ew Yor]-: Hotel Co 

S. W. Fordyce 

Mercantile Trust Co. , trustee 

D. Fellows Piatt 

Chas. F. Rix 

M. C. Tombler and G. H. Buckstaff 

Leo F. Levi Memorial Hospital Associa- 
tion. 

Chas. B . Piatt 

Avenue Hotel Co 

Maurice Bath Co _ 

J 'icholas M. Moody 

W. S. Sorrells and F. B. Latta 

Ozar' Sanatorium Co 

Garland Hotel Co 

Knights of Pythias (colored) 

Elias W. Rector 

Mahala J. Rockafellow 

Sister superior 

Superior Bathhouse Co 

I'ew Waverly Hotel Co 

Simon Cooper 

Arlington Hotel Co 



Hot Springs Mountain Observatory Co. 



Mar. 1,1916 
Mar. 21,1914 
Jan. 1,1912 
May 13,1912 
Jan. 1,1915 

do 

Jan. 1,1895 
Jan. 1,1912 
Jan. 1,1897 
rov. 1,1914 



Jan. 

Jan. 

Jan. 

July 

Jan. 

Sept. 

May 

Dec. 

Apr. 

July 

Feb. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Oct. 

Mar. 



1,1895 

1,1913 

1,1912 

1,1910 

1, 1904 

17,1912 

13,1912 

16,1914 

16,1914 

1, 1916 

1,1914 

15,1916 

24,1893 

30,1912 

21,1914 



Sept. 1,1913 



Feb. 28,1919 

Mar. 3, 1932 

Dec. 31,1931 

May 12,1932 

Dec. 31,1934 

Do. 

Dec. 31,1909 

Dec. 31,1931 

Dec. 31,1916 

Oct. 31,1924 



Dec. 
Dec. 
Dec. 
June 
Dec. 
Sept. 
May 
Dee. 
Apr. 
June 
Jan. 
Feb. 
Mar. 
Oct. 
Mar. 



31, 1909 
31, 1932 

31. 1931 
30, 1920 
31,1913 
16, 1922 

12. 1932 
15, 1924 
15, 1924 
30, 1918 
31, 1924 
14, 1936 
23,1913 
30, 1917 

3, 1932 



Sept. 1,1923 



1 Water used in private bathrooms in portion of tubs leased. 

2 Closed Dec. 31, 1915. 

' Tenants holding over. 

* Destroyed by fire Sept. 5, 1913. 

' Remodeled and reopened Apr. 18, 1916. 

« New building replacing old Superior Bathhouse completed and opened to public Feb. 16, 1916. 

' Destroyed by fire Jan. 23, 1910. 

' Water sufficient to supply 2 tubs. 



24 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 



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SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 



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1,161 

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3,761 

28 

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415 

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26 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAD PARKS. 



i^'ees received hy hath attendants in the bathhouses during the fiscal year ended 

June 30, 1916. 



Bathhouse. 



Gross 
amount. 



Redemp- 
tions. 



Net 
amount. 



Alhambra 

Arlington 

Buckstaff 

Eastman 

Fordyce..; 

Horse Shoe 

Hale 

Imperial 

Lamar 

Magnesia 

Majestic 

Maurice 

Moody 

Ozark 

Ozark Sanatorium. . . 

Pythian (colored) 

Rector 

Rockafellow 

St. Josephs Infirmary 
Superior 

Total 



$6, 166. 65 
i, 575. 90 
6, 081. 90 
2, 302. 05 
7,609.25 
1,283.85 
5,307.35 
5,547.00 
5,017.35 
5,212.35 
5,005.80 
8, 154. 45 
3,157.65 
7, 845. 90 
1,824.15 
2,078.10 
418. 95 
5,992.45 
1,531.35 
4,576.05 



$958. 95 
415. 20 
633. 90 
246. 45 
878. 65 
139. 20 
599. 40 
506. 40 
517.35 
778. 35 
823. 60 
821. 25 
476. 40 
1, 144. 54 
192. 90 
231. 60 
40.20 
581. 10 
147. 60 
481. 50 



$5,207.70 
4, 160. 70 
5, 448. 00 
2,055.60 
6,730.60 
1,144.65 
4,707.95 
5,040.60 
4,500.00 
4, 434. 00 
4, 182. 20 
7,333.20 
2, 681. 25 
6,701.36 
1,631.25 
1,846.50 
378. 75 
5,411.35 
1,383.75 
4,094.55 



S9, 688. 50 



10,614.54 



79,073.! 



recommenda noNs. 

The supervisor recommends the preparation of a compreliensive plan for the 
future improvement of the Hot Springs Reservation by a competent landscape 
engineer under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, with an appro- 
priation of $10,000 therefor ; the construction of a roadway 30 feet wide and 
approximately 2J miles in length through the "Gorge" at the east end of Hot 
Springs and North Mountains, with an appropriation of $40,000 therefor ; the 
paving of Fountain Street, from Central Avenue to boundary monument No. 36, 
and Reserve Avenue, from Central Avenue to boundary monument No. 26, this 
work to be done under an improvement district now being promoted in the city, 
with an appropriation sufficient to meet the just assessments for this work ; 
the immediate reconstruction and remodeling of the Government Free Bath- 
house, the tentative plans prepared by Mr. Gill, of the department, being satis- 
factory to the supervisor, with an appropriation of $75,000 therefor ; the con- 
struction of a new greenhouse, with an appropriation or allotment of $3,000 
therefor ; an appropriation of $237,840, which figures are based upon scientific 
estimates, for the construction of a storm sewer and surface drainage system in 
Hot Springs to care for the drainage from the reservation ; an appropriation of 
$96,595, also based upon a scientific estimate, for the construction of a sanitary 
sewer system in Hot Springs to care for the sewage from the reservation ; the 
securing and permanent maintenance of a band on the reservation, in which 
plan it is suggested that the city might cooperate ; and the pursuance of a plan 
to promote the publicity of the Hot Springs Reservation, on the part of the 
Government, suggesting in connection with the plan, that illustrated descriptive 
pamphlets be sent out in large numbers. 



YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PAEK. 

Lloyd M. Beett, Colonel of Cavalry, United States Army, Acting Supervisor 
Yellowstone Park, Wyo., succeeded by Chester A. Lindsley, Acting Supervisor, 
October 16, 1916. 

general statement. 

The Yellowstone National Park, set aside by act of March 1, 1872 (sees. 2474 
and 2475, R. S. ; 17 Stat, 82), is located in the States of AVyoming, Montana, 
and Idaho. It has an area of about 2,142,720 acres and an average altitude of 
about 8,000 feet. 

The military force available for duty in the park consists of a detachment of 
200 soldiers of the Cavalry Arm of the service, trained in the different Cavalry 
regiments and detached therefrom for this special service. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 27 

The lieadquarters is located at Fort Yellowstone, but the command also gai-ri- 
sons 15 soldier stations scattered throughout the park, requiring 12S men during 
the tourist season and 75 during the remainder of the year. 

A telephone system connects the soldier stations and the post. 

In addition to the military force which is maintained by the War Depart- 
ment, the Interior Department furnishes certain civilian employees, namely, a 
clerk, scouts, a buffalo keeper, etc. 

The officers and men of the military command, and the civilian employees, 
performed their duties in a most satisfactorj' manner. 



A severe winter with' deep snow was followed by a late spring featured by a 
gale which continued for five days, doing great damage to the telephone system 
and closing the roads with uprooted trees. The men of the command repaired 
the telephone lines and made the roads passable for all kinds of travel. 

Though thez'e were many obstacles to overcome, such as deep snows and wash- 
outs, the belt line and the north and west approaches were opened on schedule 
time. The Cody-Sylvan Pass-Lake Road was opened to wagons on June 27, and 
to automobiles on .Tune 29. The Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co. began operations 
on July 1, as advertised. 

The first vehicle came in from the south on June 26. 

The Chittenden Road, from the Canyon to Tower Falls, presented the greatest 
difficulties, as the snow, from 4 to 30 feet in depth, was packed solid for some 
6 miles in Dunraven Pass and its approaches. This road was open to wagons 
on July 2, and to automobiles on July 6. 

The aggregate number of persons making park trips during tlie season of 
1916 was as follows : 

Travel during the season of 1916. 

Entering via the northern entrance with the Yellowstone Park Trans- 
portation Co— 3, 853 

Entering via the western entrance with Yellowstone-Western Stage Co 3, 657 

Entering via eastern entrance with Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co 1, 293 

Wylie Permanent Camping Co. : 

Entering via northern entrance 2, 155 

Entering via western entrance 2, 879 

5, 034 



Shaw & Powell Camping Co. : 

Entering via northern entrance 1, 361 

Entering via western entrance ; 369 



Old Faithful Camping Co. (Hefferlln Camps) : 

Entering via northern entrance 333 

Entering via western entrance 53 



1,730 



386 



With other licensees of personally conducted camping parties 288 

Making park trips with private transportation: 

With automobiles, trip tickets 12, 926 

With automobiles, season tickets 2, 004 



14, 930 

With other private transportation, as "private camping 
parties " 2, 325 



Miscellaneous short trips 280 

Winter trips — special excursions to view game 2, 073 



17, 255 
2,353 



Grand total 35, 849 

The Yellowstone Park Hotel Co. reports that 7,876 people were accommodated 
at, the hotels in the park during the season of 1916, of which 3,862 entered at 
the northern entrance, 3,653 at the western entrance, and 361 at the eastern 
entrance. 

The Yellowstone Park Boat Co. reports that 2,558 people took the boat trip 
across Yellowstone Lake during the season, of which 1,237 were traveling with 
Yellowstone Park Transportation Co., 1,021 with l^ellowstone-Western Stage Co., 
247 with Wylie Camping Co., and 53 with Shaw & Powell Camping Co. 



28 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAju PARKS. 



Travel hy the different entrances. 

From, the north, via Gai-dinei-, Mont 1 . 17, 589 

From the west, via Yellowstone, Mont 13.261 

From the east, via Cody, Wyo 4,593 

From the south, via Jackson, Wyo _ 395 

From the northeast, via Cooke, Mont ■ 11 

Total : 35, 849 

Automobile travel. 



Automo- 
biles. 



Tourists. 



Entering via the northern entrance. 
Entering via the western entrance.. 
Entering via the eastern entrance . . 
Entering via the southern entrance. 



1,264 
1,291 

754 
31 



Total automobile travel on trip tickets. 
Automobile travel, season tickets ' 



3,340 
105 



Total automobile travel on paid tickets. 
Entering with Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co. . . 



3,445 



Grand total of parties entering with automobiles . 



4,825 

5,234 

2,754 

113 



12,926 
2,004 



14,930 
1,293 



16, 22J 



The automobile travel is included in the aggregate number of tourists mak- 
ing park trips as shown on the preceding page. 

Attention is invited to the fact that parties traveling in automobiles are not 
included in the reports of numbers accommodated during the season at hotels, 
and permanent camps. 

During the year 1916 202 personally conducted camping permits were issued 
as follows : 

Entering at northern entrance 83 

Entering at both northern and western entrances 37 

Entering at western entrance 4 

Entering at eastern entrance . 68' 

Entering at southern entrance 10 

The travel by way of Tower Falls by regular tourists returning to Mam- 
moth Hot Springs from Grand Canyon was encouraged by some of the trans- 
portation companies, the Yellowstone-Western Stage Co. alone transporting 
over this scenic route 698 tourists. Most of those touring the park in auto- 
mobiles took the Mount Washburn route and were most enthusiastic over the 
scenery. 

In addition to the transportation furnished by the regular companies, mov- 
able camp licenses were issued during the season covering a total of 37 wagons 
and 809 saddle and pack animals, and one .special wagon for livery work. 

The columns of the daily papers and the orders of the railroad officials to 
stop the shipment of perishable goods which could not be delivered before the 
day set for the strike and other reliable information convinced the president 
of the hotel company that the railroad strike was inevitable. He, in accordance 
with this belief, at 11 o'clock p. m. of August 30, decided that all tourists at 
the hotels be taken direct to the railroad stations. The movement commenced 
early^ the morning of August 31, and was so expeditiously managed that the 
tourists had departed, the help sent away, and the hotels closed by September 2. 

The imminence of the railroad strike deterred many from journeying far 
from home. This is unmistakable, as the travel to the park which was excellent 
prior to the alarming period of the contention fell to almost nothing for the 
remainder of the season. 

The Wylie Camping Co. closed to tourists early in the month of September. 
The Shaw & Powell Camping Co. and Old Faithful Camping Co. continued ■ to 
give tourists full service, as advertised, to the end of the season. 



CODY-SYLVAN PASS MOTOB CO. 



Un June 6, 1916, a concession was granted the Cody-Sylvan Pass Motor Co., 
authorizing it for the term of one year from January 1, 1916, to establish and 



SUPEKINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 29 

maintain an automobile transportation line for the accommodation of persons 
desiring to enter tlie parlj via tlie eastern entrance. Tliis company operated 
from Cody, Wyo., to tlie eastern entrance, thence inside of the park to 
the Yellowstone Lake, where they turned their patrons over to the transporta- 
tion companies operating horse-drawn vehicles. The business of the new com- 
pany was conducted in a very satisfactory manner. A total of 1,293 passengers 
entered the park with it, of which 25S were turned over to the Yellowstone Park 
Transportation Co., 113 to the Yellowstone-Western Stage Co., 710 to the 
Wylie Permanent Camping Co., 184 to the Shaw & Powell Camping Co., and 
the balance of 7S were transients. The company also carried a total of 3,109 
tourists out of the park from Lake Outlet to the eastern entrance, which were 
taken from the various transportation companies. 

AUTOMOBILES. 

There were 3,-145 automobiles carrying 14,930 tourists from June 15 to Sep- 
tember 30. Of these, 2,004 came in on season tickets and 12,926 on the regular 
tickets of passage. These tourists came from 40 States, and nearly every 
known make of automobiles was represented. This includes, in addition to the 
regularly purchased tickets, complimentary tickets to county, State, and Fed- 
eral officials in the park on official business. 

The automobilists almost without exception adhered closely to the automobile 
regulations and followed strictly the schedules, which proved quite popular. 

As the roads approaching the several entrances of the park improve, the auto- 
mobile travel will increase, and the park will in time become one of the great 
resorts of the country. 

To make this a possibility, the Park-to-Park Highway Association held a 
most enthusiastic convention at the Canyon Hotel July 24-25 and started a 
movement for good roads from all the contiguous States to the parks and within 
the States. 

Mr. Robert I. McKay, of Cooke, Mont., to whom a permit was issued last 
year to use automobile trucks and trailers for transporting ore and supplies 
between Gardiner and Cooke, Mont., used but one truck and trailer and one 
utility car last season, and up to this date he has failed to make arrangements 
for renewal of his privilege. His reports indicate that he expended $11,857.63 
in repairing the roads imder his contract with the department. Similar permits 
for use of the park roads between Gardiner and Cooke have been given for the 
present season as follows : 

One to Nels E. Solderholm, a merchant of Cooke, for use of one 2-ton truck for 
hauling his own supplies and employees. 

One to G. L. Tanzer, president of the Western Smelting & Power Co., of 
Seattle, Wash., with mining interests in Cooke, for a 2-ton automobile truck, a 
3-ton trailer for same, and a utility or repair car, with privilege of increasing 
the number to 41 vehicles if desired. These permits were granted under the 
same requirements as was Mr. McKay's last year — namely, that the licensees 
pay a fee of $20 per annum for each truck used, $10 per annum for each trailer 
used, and $10 per annum for the utility or repair car. Mr. Solderholm has had 
his truck in commission since about July 1. Mr. Tanzer has ordered a truck 
and trailer, but it has not been received and put into commission. 

More than 50 motor cars and trucks have been in use by the different 
branches of the Government and concessionaires in the park in hauling suppliers 
and Avork other than transporting tourists. 

STEEAM GAGING. 

Mr. G. Clyde Baldwin, district engineer of the water-resources branch of thti. 
United States Geological Survey, with headquarters at Boise, Idaho, who has 
charge of this important feature, has furnished the following report on this; 
work for the year : 

Records were obtained from the following gaging stations, which were estab- 
lished during June, 1913 : 

Madison River, near Yellowstone, Mont. 

Gibbon River, at Wylie Lunch Station, near Yellowstone, Mont. 

Yellowstone River, above Upper Falls, near Canyon Station. 

Snake River, at south boundary Yellowstone National Park. 

During July, 1915, the sum of $1,000 was apportioned from Yellowstone Park 
funds to assist in carrying on the streaiu-gaging work during the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1917. In consequence plans were made for the installation of 

65399—16—3 



30 SUPERINTENDElsrT OF NATIOJSTAL PARKS, 

a water-stage recorder at the station on Yellowstone River and for the purchase 
and erection of cables from which to secure current meter measurements at this 
station and also at the one on Snake River. 

The installation of this equipment, which was in progress at the end of Sep- 
tember, 1916, will make it possible to secure dependable records at these sta- 
tions for high stages of flow. 

The water-stage recorder will be located close to the Upper Falls of Yellow- 
stone River and will be housed in such a manner as to permit inspection by 
tourists. Later it is proposed to post rating tables in prominent places in 
order to enable tourists to determine from the observed gage reading the actual 
quantity of water passing over these falls. 

Detailed descriptions of the gaging stations, together with summaries of cur- 
rent meter measurements and gage height and discharge data for each will be 
published in the annual Water-Supply Papers of the United States Geological 
Survey, Parts VI to XII, respectively, for Missouri River and Snake River 
drainage areas. 



The road work in the park is in charge of Maj. Amos A. Fries, Corps of 
Engineers, United States Army, who has furnished the following notes on the 
work in the park under his department. 

The sundry civil bill of July 1, 1916, appropriated money as follows for 
road work in Yellowstone National Park and the adjacent forest reserves on 
the east and south : 

"Yellowstone National Park: For maintenance and repair of improvements, 
$152,500, including not to exceed $15,000 for maintenance of the road in the 
forest reserve leading out of the park from the east boundary, and not to 
exceed $10,000 for maintenance of the road in the forest reserve leading out 
of the park from the south boundary, and including not exceeding $5,000 for 
purchase, operation, maintenance, and repair of motor-driven and horse-drawn 
passenger-carrying vehicles to be used for inspection of roads and road work, 
to be expended by and under the direction of the Secretary of AVar : Provided, 
That no portion of this appropriation shall be expended for the removal of 
snow from any of the roads for the purpose of opening them in advance of the 
time when they will be cleared by seasonal changes. 

" For widening to not exceeding eighteen feet of roadway and improving sur- 
face of roads and for building bridges and culverts from the belt-line road to 
the western border from the Thumb Station to the southern border, and from 
the Lake Hotel Station to the eastern border, all within Yellowstone National 
Park, to make such roads suitable and safe for animal-drawn and rhotor- 
propelled vehicles, $38,700. 

" For completing the widening to not exceeding eighteen feet of roadway and 
improving the surface of roads and for building bridges and culverts in the 
. forest reserve leading out of the park from the east boundary, to make such 
roads suitable and safe for animal-drawn and motor-propelled vehicles, $6,000." 
In addition there remained available on October 1, 1915, about $13,000 of 
the $195,000 appropriated for the same purposes in the sundry civil bill of 
March 3, 1915 (p. 9. report of acting superintendent, Sept. 30, 1915). 

On account of early spring and the desire to expedite work in anticipation of 
record travel through the park during 1915, due to the combined influence of 
the European war and of the San Francisco and San Diego Expositions, work 
was vigorously prosecuted during the spring and summer of 1915 under the 
appropriations for both the fiscal years 1915 and 1916, and consequently almost 
all crews had either exhausted their apportioned funds or completed their 
work prior to the date of the last report (Sept. 30, 1915). 

The work during the present year included general repair and maintenance 
of the entire system, including the belt line, the north, west, south, and east 
approaches, both in the park and in the forest reserves on the east and south, 
and the Cooke City road; widening and improving the west, south, and east 
approaches, including the east forest reserve ; sprinkling of 100 to 112 miles 
of belt line and north and west approach road; repair and construction of 
bridges; construction of concrete, wood, and galvanized-iron culverts; clearing 
of dead and fallen timber from the roadside; reshaping and ditching roads; 
maintenance of trees, shrubs, vines, and lawns. 

In the following summary the work will be divided into that done on the 
belt line, the north approach, the west approach, the south approach, the east 
approach, and the Cooke City road. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 31 

BELT LINE. 

General road repairs. — Owing to the very heavy snows of the past winter 
and to the late spring, the road over the Continental Divide, between the 
Upper Basin and the Thumb, was still irnpassable on account of snowdrifts 
as late as June 15, and would have remained so for the first part of the tourist 
season except for work done voluntarily on the part of the transportation com- 
panies and others in shoveling and otherwise breaking a trail through the snow. 
While this work served to render the road passable for horse-drawn vehicles 
for the first tourists on June 17, much sooner than would have been the case 
through the regular seasonal thaw, it also had the effect of permitting the 
passage of traffic through numerous snowbanks, the continuous melting from 
which kept the roadbed in wet and poor condition. That, combined as it was 
with restricting the travel to a narrow, single track, caused very severe rutting 
of the roadbed, and required considerable urgent repair work to keep the road 
from becoming impassable. The same was true of the Dunraven Pass road 
from the Canyon to Tower Falls, and of parts of the east approach road in the 
park, especially near Cub Creek, although both of these roads were not opened 
up until somewhat later than the Continental Divide road. 

The spring run-ofC from the deep snows of the winter also caused some wash- 
ing out of roads over certain stretches, especially along Spring and Dry Creeks, 
between the Upper Basin and the Thumb, and required the constant attention 
of a small maintenance crew during the early part of the tourist season. 

Early in July two flying-grader squadrons, consisting of about three graders 
each, with a few extra laborers, were sent in opposite directions around the 
belt line, starting from Mammoth Springs. These crews shaped up the roads, 
repaired washouts, cleaned out ditches, and cleaned out and made minor repairs 
to culverts. In addition, a special crew was necessary to repair the 6 miles 
of road between Gibbon Meadows and Yellowstone Junction, which had become 
very badly broken up with ruts and cliuck holes. Bad chuck holes between 
Mammoth Springs and the 15-mile post on the road to Norris were repaired by 
an emergency crew of about three men sent out from Mammoth Springs in a 
Ford touring car which was temporarily impressed into service as an emer- 
gency repair car. 

To assist in maintaining the roads during the tourist season, each sprinkler 
crew was equipped with a split-log drag; and whenever rainy weather, which 
was rare during the season of 1916, gave .an opportunity for so doing,, these 
drags were used to reshape and smooth out the ruts in the roads. This process 
is very necessary and would have been more efficacious had there been more 
rain than was the case during the season just closed. 

Sprinkling and dragging. — During the tourist season of 1916 a maximum of 
110 miles of road was sprinkled, covering practically the same stretches of 
road as the previous season, and Including a portion of the north and west 
approaches. Although water for sprinkling purposes Avas plentiful early in the 
tourist season, continued dry weather during the summer caused some of the 
Avells from which water for sprinkling was drawn to go dry, so that toward 
the end of the season it was found necessary to abandon several sprinkler runs, 
as was the case in 1915. As already stated under "General road repairs," all 
sprinkler crews were equipped with split-log drags, which were iised whenever 
rainy weather gave an opportunity for doing so, to reshape and smooth out the 
roads. 

Firehole River realignment. — This realignment, which will replace several 
miles of the road lying between the Madison Junction and the Firehole Cascades, 
was begun in June, 1915, and completed during the season of 1915 for a dis- 
tance of about 3,500 feet. Work was resumed about the middle of July of this 
year, and up to the present time aboiit 1,200 feet additional has been com- 
pleted, making the total completed distance to date about 4,700 feet. This new 
location involves very heavy rock'work, but it will greatly improve the grades 
and will open up a fine stretch of river scenery, replacing with an unusually 
attractive road one which is quite deficient in such qualities. The construction 
of this new road has been greatly assisted by the recent installation on the 
work of a |-cubic yard revolving steam shovel, which will serve to materially 
reduce the cost of handling the rock material after being loosened by blasting. 
It is expected that the realignment, the total length of which will be about 7,650 
feet, will be completed next season. 

Gibbon Canyon. — ^Two miles of the road along the Gibbon River, between the 
15 and 17 mile posts from the west entrance toward Norris, was reshaped and 



32 SUPEKIN"TEiN'DENT OF IsTATION'AL PAEKS. 

regraded, including two sliort realignments (300 and 600 feet long, respectively) 
and the installation of about four corrugated-iron culverts. 

Vicinity of Lake Hotel. — The first 5 miles of the road from the Lake Hotel 
toward the Canyon and the first several miles of the road from the Lake Hotel 
toward the Thumb was reshaped and regraded. Twenty-six corrugated gal- 
vanized-iron culverts, mostly of 24-inch diameter, were installed in connection 
with this work. 

Freight road — Loioer Geyser Basin. — The freight road, 4 miles long, which 
parallels the main belt-line road between the Fountain Soldier Station and 
the Excelsior Geyser, having been closed by reason of the unsafe condition of 
the wooden truss bridge over the Firehole River, about 1 mile from the Foun- 
tain Soldier Station, it was found desirable to reconstruct the bridge in question, 
and also to generally put the road in shape for traffic. In addition to the 
reconstruction of the bridge already named, the trusses of which were so weak 
that they collapsed during the building of the new 50-foot bridge, there was also 
reconstructed the 40-foot bridge over Nez Perce Creek, in the immediate vicinity 
of the Fountain Soldier Station. The putting of this road into commission again 
makes possible deviating over it considerable heavy freighting traflic, thus 
reducing the wear on the main road between the Fountain Soldier Station 
and Excelsior Geyser, and furnishing a shorter route for freight traffic, and 
also gives opportunity for greater freedom in handling automobile traflic past 
the Fountain Geyser Basin without interference with the horse-drawn traffic. 

Restirfacing.- — No resurfacing has been done on the belt line during the 
present season. Two automobile dump trucks were purchased and recently re- 
ceived, and are now in use on the west approach for hauling surfacing material 
there. In order to take advantage of the cheaper hauling costs, such surfacing 
as is contemplated on the belt line has been delayed until such time as these 
trucks will be free to do the work, as the expense of hauling is much less by 
truck than by team, and by the use of trucks it is therefore possible to surface 
well and at reasonable cost stretches of the road system which heretofore it 
has been impracticable to surface except with the poorer materials immediately 
at hand. 

Bridges and culverts. — In line with the policy adopted several years ago of 
reconstructing in permanent materials the bridges and culverts on the main 
Belt line, there were built or installed this spring on the sections of road 
between the Thumb and the Lake and between the Lake and the Canyon, six 
reinforced concrete slab culverts, four of which were of S-foot span and two of 
3-foot span ; and one double corrugated galvanized-iron culvert, 24-inch diam- 
eter, with concrete head walls. All except two of the foregoing structures 
require to be back filled in order to be placed in commission. Concrete hand- 
rails were added to the 26-foot double-span reinforced concrete culvert built in 
1914 over Otter Creek, about 2 miles from the Canyon Junction on the road to 
the Lake Hotel. There were also installed some galvanized-iron culverts at 
other parts of the Belt line, of 12, 18, and 24 inch diameter, as already npted 
in connection with the reshaping of roads in the vicinity of the Lake Hotel and 
between the 11 and 13 mileposts from Yellowstone toward Norris ; but also in 
the replacement of small wooden and tile culverts at other parts of the Belt 
line where they had been broken down and rendered unserviceable by the heavy 
automobile truck traffic over them this season. In addition, a number of cul- 
verts and small wooden bridges were repaired, strengthened, or reconstructed, 
principally on the road between the Canyon and Tower Falls, many of these 
being partially or entirely broken down by the automobile traffic. The high 
steel bridge over the Gardiner River, on the road from Mammoth Springs to 
Tower Falls, was refloored with lumber. 

Guard rails. — Log guardrails Avere installed at the east approach of the Chit- 
tenden Bridge over the Yellowstone River, on both sides of the road. 

NORTH APPEOACH. 

On the north approach road, extending from the northern entrance at Gardi- 
ner, Mont., to the Belt line at Mammoth Hot Springs, general maintenance and 
repair work was done, as on the Belt-line road itself, and the first 3* miles 
from Mammoth Hot Springs toward Gardiher was sprinkled. The other mile 
and a half of the road had been treated with a light oil and sand finish in the 
spring of 1915 and did not require sprinkling during the season just closed. 

Ga'Miner slide. — The slide in the Gardiner Canyon, about 2 miles from the 
north entrance at Gardiner, Mont., which has given considerable trouble to the 



h 



u 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 33 

<^;irdiner Road for a number of years, was cut back in the fall of 1914 and the 
spring of 1915, so that at the beginning of the 1915 tourist season the road was 
broad and in very good shape. During the summer of 1915 and the winter 
following the slide gradually encroached upon the road, however, so that early 
this spring the roadway had been reduced to a width of about 9 or 10 feet. In 
addition to the old or main slide, the encroachment of which is gradual, there 
developed in the fall of 1915 a new or secondary slide, several hundred yards 
nearer Gardiner than the main slide. The slumping off of material at this new 
slide caused the road about If miles from the north entrance at Gardiner to be 
blocked several times during the fall of 1915, and four times during March and 
April of the spring- of 1916. By means of blasting and the use of graders, the 
road was reopened within a half day ordinarily after the occurrence of slides. 
In this work the quartermaster of Fort Yellowstone, Wyo., cooperated by fur- 
nishing teams and teamsters. In May the road at the main slide, which, as 
already stated, had become extremely narrow, was very much widened by 
blasting and grading, which process had to be repeated along portions of the 
slide once during the summer. Grader work was also required from time to 
time to smooth off the road surface, made necessary by the heaving up of the 
same due to the pressure from the slide above. Considerably more work will 
have to be done on the slide prior to the opening of the next tourist season. 

Retaining wall. — Early in June a section of the concrete retaining wall which 
protects the road in the Gardiner Canyon gave way, being undermined by the 
high water in the Gardiner River, due to the melting of the very heavy snows 
of the preceding winter. The break was repaired without serious injury to the 
roadway, by means of concrete and the free use of sand bags and steel rods. 
An adjacent section of the wall was weakened later in the summer by blasting 
operations in connection with the slide removal, but not so seriously as to make 
Mvisable any repair work during the tourist season. The wall will be placed 
in first-class condition during the present fall. 

WEST APPKOACH. 

On the west approach road, which extends from the west entrance at Yellow- 
stone, Mont., to the Belt line at Madison Junction, a distance of 13* miles, 
maintenance work similar to that on the Belt line, including sprinkling the 3i 
miles nearest to Madison Junction, was done. In addition, the work of widen- 
ing and improving the road to make it safe for animal-drawn and motor-pro- 
pelled vehicles has been prosecuted as rapidly as possible since the funds for 
the fiscal year 1917 were made available early in July. 

YVldcning and grading. — During tlie year widening and grading of the west 
approach has been extended to inchide the entire distance from Yellowstone 
to Madison Junction, the work done this season covering about 2 miles between 
the 11 and 13 mile posts from the west entrance. 

Surfacing.— Dwviwg the season of 1915 oil-macadam surfacing, 18 feet wide, 
was completed for the first 5 miles of the approach, beginning at the west 
entrance. During the present season a crushed-rock sub-base, 5 inches deep 
and 10 feet wide, ready to be given an oil finish, has been constructed a distance 
of 2+ miles, reaching as far as the bridge over the Madison River, about 71 
miles from the west entrance. The narrowing of the oil 'macadam from 18 to 
10 feet has been made because the experience to date has shown that prac- 
tically all traffic on tlie west approach is concentrated on the 10-foot strip, and 
the expense of the greater width in further construction on the west approach, 
at least for the immediate future, is not considered justified. To haul the oil 
for the oil finish there has been purchased a 1,000-gallon, asbestos-covered oil 
tank and distributor, which has recently been received and will be temporarily 
mounted, whenever necessary for oiling operations, on the White 5-ton truck 
purchased by the engineer department last year. This equipment will permit 
oiling of roads at considerable distances from the railroad without undue ex- 
pense of hauling and without the necessity of reheating the oil en route. Two 
52-ton dump trucks have also been purchased to permit the more economical 
hauling of crushed rock and other surfacing material on this and other work 
in the park. Both trucks are for the present in use on the west road. 

SOUTH APPROACH IN THE PARK. 

In addition to general repairs, such as were made on the Belt line, the work 
of widening aiid improving the south approach for combined horse-drawn and 
automobile traffic, as specially appropriated for by Congress, was continued. 



34 SUPERINTElSrDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 

Widening and grading. — The widening and grading of about IJ miles of road 
between 6 and 8 miles from the Thumb Soldier station, which was begun 
during the season of 1915, has now been finished, and, in addition, the road has 
been widened and graded for a distance of about 4 miles over the Pitchstone 
Plateau, covering a stretch located between 17f and 21|- miles' from the Thumb 
Soldier station. This latter work has been extremely difficult, the plateau 
being strewn with large and small bowlders, and has included several minor 
realignments where better grades and curves could thus be obtained, or where 
the road could be built more economically on the new location. In doing this 
work there was used to advantage a heavy power grader drawn by a steam 
roller acting as a tractor, both of which machines have been newly purchased 
this season. To complete the improvement of the south approach there is yet 
required the widening and grading of about 3i miles of road (14 J to 17f miles 
south of the Thumb). This work will probably be completed in time for the 
next tourist season. 

Bridges and culverts. — The Moose Falls Bridge, about li miles from the south 
entrance, was redecked, and two small log bridges were constructed, one about 
a mile south of the Thumb Soldier station and the other, a 12-foot span bridge, 
about 4 miles south of the Soldier station. In addition, repairs were made to 
other log culverts where necessary, and several small log and corrugated-iron 
culverts were installed -in connection with the widening and grading work re- 
ported above. 

Realignment 4 miles south of Thumb. — A short realignment, 400 yards long, 
about 4 miles south of the Thumb, was constructed, including the 12-foot log 
bridge reported above. 

SOUTH APPKOACH IN THE FOEEST RESERVE. 

Snake River Bridge.— Dnving the present season the steelwork was erected 
for the 100-foot span steel bridge over tlie Snake River, 2i miles south of the 
park boundary, and the reinforced-concrete floor was also constructed. To com- 
plete this bridge there is still required the construction of two short log bridges 
at either end of the main bridge to form the approaches to the shores. These 
log bridges are .lust now being started. Owing to the very poor condition of the 
old wooden bridge over the Snake River, it is very urgent that the new bridge 
be placed in commission at the earliest possible moment. 

Ditgout realignment. — A realignment, about seven-eighths of a mile long, 
between approximately 5 and 6 miles south of the park boundary, to replace 
the very bad stretch of road there known as the dugout, was constructed 
during the present season. This realignment includes the construction of a 
70-foot span log bridge and of a number of small log culverts. 

General repairs. — In addition to the more important work in the south 
' forest reserve already noted, considerable work of a general maintenance and 
repair nature was done to the first 7 miles south of the park boundary. 

EAST APPROACH INSIDE THE P.\RK. 

General repairs. — General repairs were made where necessary throughout 
the entire 26 miles of the east approach inside the park. As already stated 
under the work on the Selt line, constant attention was required early in the 
tourist season to keep the east approach passable, owing to the melting of 
snowbanks and to the single, narrow track which had been opened through the 
snow and to which traffic was for the time being restricted. 

Bridges and culverts. — The so-called Loop Bridge, east of Sylvan Pass, was 
replaced by a 25-foot span wooden bridge and a large rock fill at the west 
abutment of the bridge. The bridge over Pelican Creek was refloored, and 
numerous other smaller bridges and culverts received repairs made necessai-y 
by the heavy run-off from the winter snows and by the traffic of automobile 
trucks and of the heavy transportation aufcos entering the park from the Cody 
entrance. There were also installed a number of galvanized-iron culverts 
in connection with the widening and grading work hereafter described. 

Wideniny and grading. — The work of widening and improving the road to 
make the saiue safe for both animal-drawn and motor-propelled vehicles under 
the special appropriation for this purpose was resumed as soon as the new 
funds became avaUable in July. The work done during the present season 
consisted of widening, reshaping, and regrading about 1* miles of road just 
east of Sylvan Pass. The improvement of the east approach has now been 



SUPEEINTENDEJSrT OP NATIONAL PAEKS. 35 

brought to completion on all except about 34 miles of the road, between the 
9i and 13 mile posts from the Lake Junction. Of this Si miles, a distance of 
1* miles, between the 9^ and 11 mile posts, had been previously partially 
widened and improved, and work is now being begun to complete the entire 
section of 31 miles. 

EAST APPKOACH IN THE FOREST EESEEVE. 

Widening and grading. — The work of improving the road in the East Forest 
Reserve to make the same safe for both animal-drawn and motor-propelled 
vehicles under the special appropriation foi; the purpose was i-esuiiied in July, 
and during the present season the 24 miles between the 5 and 74 mile posts 
from che park boundary was widened and graded, thus completing the work 
of widening and grading for the entire 274 miles of the road. 

Sleel hr':dgef(. — AVork has been coutiuued on the steel bridge, 100-foot span, 
over the North Fork of the Shoshone River, 21 miles from the pai'k boundary, 
and on a similar bridge over Elk Fork, 23 miles from the park boundary. 
Both of these bridges, as well as one over the North Fork, 214 miles from the 
park boundary, were begun in 1915. During the past year the reinforced- 
concrete floor of the Elk Fork Bridge was constructed, leaving only the 
approaches yet to be built for this bridge. At the North Fork Bridge 214 
miles from the park boundary, the erection of the steelwork and the con- 
struction of the reinforced-concrete floor and of the approaches remain yet 
to be done. The steelwork of the bridge over the North Fork, about 2\ miles 
from the park boundary, known as the Pahaska Bridge, was erected during the 
year, and the approaches were constructed. This bridge is now complete 
except for the construction of the reinforced-concrete floor, ^^■hich it is expected 
will be constructed the present fall. 

General repairs. — General repairs w^ere made to the road in the East Forest 
Reserve whei-ever required, including minor repairs to log lu'idges and culverts. 
The road was repaired and reshaped more extensively between the park 
boundary and Pahaska, about 2J miles from the boundary. 

COOKE CITY EOAD. 

Bridges and culverts. — Fourteen galvanized-iron culverts and one log culvert 
were installed on the road leading from Tower Falls Soldier Station to the 
northeast boundary of the park, between the Lamar River bridge and the 
Buffalo Farm, about 4 and 12 miles, respectively, from the Tower Falls 
Soldier Station. 

TiC'in Lakes realignment. — During the present year there has been constructed 
a realigmnent, about 3 miles long, of the road just east of the crossing of the 
Yellowstone River. This realignment, which passes to the south of the so- 
called Black or Junction Butte, replaces a portion of the road which was replete 
with bad grades and ctirves, and some parts of which, during the spring of 
the year, have at times been all but impassable becavise of the mud. The work 
included the installation of a number of galvanized-iron culverts. 

Work hy Robert I. McKay. — The work done by Mr. Robert I. McKay and 
associates, who have mining interests at Cooke City, Mont., about 4 miles 
outside the northeast boundary, was continued last fall until interrupted by 
the closing in of tlie v^-inter season. Mr. McKay and his associates are inter- 
ested in the upkeep and improvement of the road for the benefit of their motor 
trucks and traders, for the operation of which between Cooke City and 
Gardiner, Mont., for the hauling of ore, Mr. McKay has a permit from the 
Interior Department. The work done last fall by these interests, after Sep- 
tember 30, included a very desirable realignment between Fish and Pebble 
Creeks, obviating the extremely bad grades of the old road, and the construc- 
tion of two short realignments between the Soda Butte Soldier Station and 
the Jackson Grade. Some light graveling was also done on porcions of the road. 
During the present spring Mr. McKay reconstructed the log bridge over Pebble 
Creek, wkich was originally constructed by him in 1915, and the center pier 
of which Avas undermined by the high waters of this spring. 



Mr. W. T. Thompson, superintendent of the United States fish hatchery at 
Bozeman, Mont., who also has charge of the summer station on Yellowstone 
Lake in the park, reports a fairly successful harvest of black-spotted trout eggs, 



36 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 

although his work was hindered to some extent by snow and floods, due to 
melting of the heavy snows in the early part of the season, and later by the dry, 
warm weather which lessened the stream flow so as to materially shorten the 
run of the spawning fish. He also complains of considerable interference by the 
bears, which were very plentiful and were the source of many complaints during 
the summer. He reports, however, that notwithstanding these handicaps his 
total harvest for the sunnner amounted to 7,435,800 trout eggs, which was 
nearly 2,000.000 more than the previous year. As usual, most of these eggs 
were " eyed " and shipped to county. State, and Federal hatcheries throughout 
the United States, but about 200,000 of them that were taken early in the sea- 
son were hatched out for restocking purposes in park waters. 

The fish hatchery is located close to the Lake Hotel and some of the perma- 
nent camps and is of great interest to tourists, who are always welcome to 
obseiwe and to whom an attendant is always ready to explain 'the workings 
of the hatchery. 

The eggs that were hatched were planted in Clear Creek, Columbine Creek, 
Pelican Creek, and Bridge Creek, tributary to YelloAVstone Lake, and 60,000 
were sent out to be planted in Buffalo Fork of Slough Creek, but did not 
stand the trip and died before reaching their destination. 

Seventeen thousand young eastern brook trout furnished by the United 
States fish hatchery at Bozeman, Mont., were planted in Nez Perce Creek on 
June 30. 

WILD ANIMALS. 

Due to natural conditions, and the fact that wild animals have been pro- 
tected for many years, the park is rapidly becoming known as the largest wild 
bird and animal preserve in the Ignited States, if not in the world. In addition 
to 194 varieties of birds, including many varieties of waterfowl, that have been 
observed and recorded in the park, antelope, deer (both black-tailed and white- 
tailed), elk, moose, wild buffalo, bears, mountain sheep, coyotes, gray wolves, 
and mountain lions are notable, and many of the smaller animals such as 
beaver, foxes, lynx, otter, marten, mink, marmots, skunks, red squirrels, chip- 
munks, weasels, badgers, porcupines, etc., are numerous. 

ANTELOPE. 

Most of the antelope winter in one herd near the north line of the park and 
are held from leaving to the lower country outside by the high woven-wire fence 
extending from the mouth of Gardiner River west to Sepulcher Mountain. The 
antelope, together with the deer and mountain sheep, were fed hay during the 
winter; 1931 tons that was on hantl from the alfalfa field near the north 
entrance was so fed, and as this was not sufllcient. due to the very severe 
winter, about 7 tons additif)nal of baled hay was purchased for the purpose. 
.Improvements were made of the alfalfa field as follows: About 15 acres were 
fertilized and the loose surface rock picked off. About 35 acres were disked, 
reseeded in bare spots, and dragged. The work of irrigating the field, cutting, 
curing, and stacking the hay, was again done by contract, at a cost of $5 per 
ton for the hay in stack. About 120 tons, from two cuttings of the field during 
the past summer, are on hand for the coming winter. 



Both the black-tailed and white-tailed varieties are very tame and seem to be 
thriving. The black-tailed deer are quite numerous, and many of them, like the 
elk, doubtless stray outside of the park and are killed by hunters in the open 
season. 

ELK. 

The snow was very deep and winter very severe throughout the park, and 
due to this fact the elk, which are by far the most numerous of any kind of 
game in the park, came down to the lower levels in immense herds in January, 
February, and March, so that the matter of capturing them for shipment was 
a comparatively easy one, and there was no trouble in securing all that were 
wanted for shipment. The. unusual number of elk, antelope, deer, and moun- 
tain sheep in the immediate vicinity of the northern entrance also attracted 
many winter visitors. The Northern Pacific Railway Co. ran several special 
excursion trains to Gardiner from Montana points during January and Feb- 



SUPEEINTElSrDElSrT OF ]SrATIONA.L PARKS. 



37 



ruary, and a total of about 1,992 tourists made special trips to see the game. 
As high as 7,000 elk were counted between Fort Yellowstone and a point al)out 
a mile west of Gardiner — most of them along the main road — on January 27, 
a day when the weather was particularly severe. 

On account of the very severe weather it was predicted that the loss of game 
during the spring months would be great, but this prediction did not prove 
true, and the men who in April made a careful census of the elk reported but 
few dead animals found, and that most of them were in excellent condition. 
Due to the deep snows and a rather late spring the elk remained down in 
the valleys and lower altitudes much later in the spring than usual. Under 
authority of the department shipments of 618 head of elk were made during 
the winter, as follows : 



PeniivSylvania 100 

Alabama 50 

Texas 20 

Minnesota 2 

Colorado 50 

Georgia 2 

Department of Agriculture 100 



Utah 50 

Louisiana 40 

New York 50 

Idaho , 50 

Washington 50 

Montana 50 

North Dakota 4 



Under authority of the department dated February 15, 1916, representatives 
of the United States Biological Survey and of the United States Forest Service 
of the Department of Agriculture were in the park March 2 to 14, inclusive, 
taking a census of the elk and studying their winter conditions, and such as- 
sistance as was practicable was given them here. A copy of their complete 
report has not been furnished this office. 

In accordance with instructions from the department, beginning April 5, 1916, 
a very careful census was made of the elk belonging to the northern herd in 
the park and just along its borders outside on the north and northeast ; 29,544 
elk were found in this herd and 1.958 more were accounted for — namely, 1,000 
(estimated) killed in adjoining States during the open hunting season, 611 
shipped from the park under authority of the department, 90 shipped from just 
outside of the park by the authorities of Montana to other points in the State, 
and 257 counted that had been killed for their teeth in the State of Montana 
not far from the park line after the close of the open hunting season. An 
unusual inci-ease in the Jackson Hole herd south of the park, as found by the 
representatives of the Department of Agriculture referred to above, indicated 
that a number of the northern herd had probably migrated to the southern herd 
during the past year. 

The severe storms of the last days of December and the month of January 
drove the elk out of the park in large herds. Cei'tain lawless individuals took 
advantage of this opportunity and slaughtered them recklessly. The section of 
Montana where the unlawful killing of elk took place is a strip of rough coun- 
try from 12 to 15 miles long, measured in the direction of the northern bound- 
ary line of the park and extending northerly to a width of 8 miles, lying 
wholly without the park and embracing the country about Gardiner and 
Jardine. 7 

The hunting season in Montana closed December 15, 1915, and there were no 
elk reported outside the park in the section under consideration at that time. 
So the slaughter took place during the closed season. A fairly careful search 
by park scouts of the strip of country above mentioned resulted in the finding 
of the bodies of 257 elk which had been killed for their teeth. 

During the past summer more elk than usual have been seen along the trav- 
eled roads, and patrols who have seen them in large herds at higher levels 
state that there are an unusual number of young with the cows. 



Moose are so timid and are so much scattered in many sections of the park 
that it is practically impossible to get a reasonable estimate of their numbers, 
but they are frequently seen in small herds, and there is little doubt that they 
have been on the increase for several years under the protection afforded them 
by the park and the adjoining States. Last season the State of AVyoming sold 
special licenses to kill one bull moose to each license during the open season, 
and limited the number to 50. I am informed that those who bought such 
licenses had no difficulty in securing their moose. 



38 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 



BUTFAXO. 

Wild herd. — In July and August a special attempt was made to look up the 
wild buffalo in the park. Their condition was found very satisfactory. Sev- 
enty-two in all M'-ere found, of which 10 were this year's calves. 

Tame herd. — The main herd is kept on Lamar River, near the mouth of Rose 
Creek, 30 miles east from headquarters. This herd now numbers 276 animals, 
as follows : 





Males. 


Females. 


Total. 


Number Oct. 1, 1915 (last report) 


122 
34 


117 
22 


239 


Born summer of 1916 


56 








156 
10 


139 
9 


295 


Died or disposed of during the year 


19 






Balance now in the herd ■. . . 


146 


130 


276 







Of those disposed of, one 5-year-old bull and one 6-year-old bull were shipped 
to Corpus Christi, Tex. ; two 2-year-old bulls and four 3-year-old cows to Wind 
Cave National Park ; one 6-year-old bull to Kansas City, Mo. ; and one 4-year-old 
bull to Denver, Colo., all donated by the department but shipped at the expense 
of the parties receiving them. An 8-year-old cow and a 4-year-old bull were 
killed by fighting among the herd. Two young cows that were not in very good 
condition got into a swamp and were not strong enough to extricate themselves. 
One of the oldest bulls in the herd was killed, apparently by a poisonous weed ; 
and an old coav died in the same manner and lier calf was raised on one of the 
domestic cows kept for that purpose. A 4-year-old cow was drowned in an 
irrigation ditch in the lower field. An old bull that was not in good condition 
was gored to death by the others while they were being " rounded up." A male 
calf that was born late last fall, and had never been in good condition, also 
died. 

In the cases of those that died, whenever practicable, the heads, skins, skulls, 
etc., were saved and shipped to the National Museum as specimens. 

Sixteen of the old bulls were brought in to Mammoth Hot Springs on June 15, 
where they were held during the tourist season as a show herd. 

About 220 tons of excellent hay Avas cut and stacked at the buffalo farm on 
Lamar River for winter use of the tame buffalo herd. The cost of cutting 
and stacking this hay was about $4.72 per ton, plus the work of the regular 
employees and the 4-horse work team used at the buffalo farm. About 400 rods 
of the woven-wire fence around the upper field on Rose Creek was rebuilt and 
minor repairs made to the balance of the fence. The roofs and trimmings of 
the log buildings were painted, the work being done by regular employees. 

Due to the increasing herd of buffalo, it will be necessary to plow up, fence, 
seed, and irrigate additional land for meadows, and arrangements are being 
made to do this late this fall or early next spring. The buffalo are grazed in 
the open as much as possible. It was necessary to feed hay beginning January 
13 last winter. 

A veterinarian of the Department of Agriculture visited the park and vacci- 
nated the young buffalo for hemorrhagic septicemia early in December. 



Many complaints were received during the summer of depredations by bears, 
which were particularly plentiful and very much in evidence during the tourist 
season throughout the park. Many of those that live around the camps in sum- 
mer get mischievous, and as they grow older they become bolder and finally are 
positively dangerous and eventually have to be killed. Six black bears and two 
grizzlies have been killed for this reason during the past season ; one small black 
cub, with a can stuck on its foot, was killed to prevent further suffering, and two 
small black bears died near headquarters from unknown causes. One tremen- 
dous grizzly bear attacked and injured two men asleep in camp near Indian 
Pond, on the Cody Road north of Yellowstone Lake, about the middle of August. 
Efforts were made to locate and kill this bear, but without success. On the 
evening of September 7 three men in the employ of the United States Engineer 



RIJPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 39' 

Department were in camp on the Cody Road about 10 miles east from the outlet 
of Yellowstone Lake. They were attacked in the middle of the night, apparently 
without provocation, by a bear, which was probably the same one referred to 
above, and one of their number, Frank Welch, of Electric, Mont., was dragged 
some distance and so bady mauled and injured that he died a few days later 
in the hospital at Fort Yellowstone. 

Efforts were again made to kill this bear, and on the evening* of September 
8 a very large grizzly, believed to be the same one, was killed by exploding 
a charge of dynamite under him by means of an electric battery. 

Bears were faptured and shipped from the park under authority of the- 
department as follows : On August 10 a pair of grizzlies, male and female, 
2 to 3 years old, to the park commission at Virginia, Minn. The same date- 
a pair of yearling brown bears, male and female, to Madison Zoological and 
Aquarium Society, Madison, Wis., and a young female grizzly to the commis- 
sioner of sanitation, San Antonio, Tex. A young male grizzly was also sent 
to San Antonio, Tex., on September 26. These shipments were all made at 
the expense of the cities receiving the bears. 

COYOTES AND WOLVES. 

Coyotes are numerous. From October 6, 1915, to June 30. 1916, two special 
rangers wei'e employed by advice of the United States Biological Survey for 
the purpose of exterminating carnivorous animals in the park. They succeeded 
in shooting and trapping 83 coyotes, 12 wolves, and 4 mountain lions. The 
skulls and such of the skins as were desired as specimens were sent to the 
National Museum, and the other skins were sold and the money deposited to 
the credit of the park revenues. Other park employees succeeded in killing 97 
coyotes, making a total killed of ISO. Two young male wolves captured in the 
spring of 1915 by the employees at the buffalo farm were shipped alive on- 
November 16 to the National Zoological Park. 

MOUNTAIN LIONS. 

Mountain lions are quite in evidence during the winter, when their tracks 
are found in the vicinity of the large herds of elk. Four were trapped and 
killed last winter. 

MOUNTAIN SHEEP. 

The mountain sheep wintered in excellent condition. Signs of sheep scab- 
were noticed on three of them in Gardiner Canyon, and plans were made to- 
dip them, but by the time the arrangements were completed they had gone 
so far back in the mountains as to make it impracticable to capture them, and 
later reports indicated that those that were apparently diseased were much im- 
proved as the spring advanced and grass was available. 



A number of new names were added to the list of birds observed in the park: 
through the observations of Mr. M. P. Skinner, who made the original list, 
until it now totals 194 varieties. Several of the varieties of water birds are 
found in the park the year round, as there is plenty of open water Vn winter- 
due to hot springs and geysers. 

PROTECTION OF GAME. 

Extra rangers were employed during the open season for hunting in the ad- 
joining States in order to protect the park boundaries from hunters who might 
purposely or accidentally stray over the line. The supervisors and other em- 
ployees of the national forests adjoining the park, as well as the State game- 
authorities, cooperated with the park authorities in protecting game, and several 
important arrests were made and convictions secured. 

On June 28, 1916, an act of Congress was approved amending the act of 
May 7, 1894, to protect the birds and animals and to punish crimes in the 
park so as to provide a maximum penalty of $500 or six months' imprisonment, 
or both, and costs, instead of $1,000 and two years as heretofore. This change 
will greatly simplify the matter of trials for offenses in the park, as under the 
original law the United States commissioner in the park was not authorized 
to dispose of cases that came before him, but could only haA^e a hearing, and 
if the facts justified, hold the offenders to trial before the United States district 



40 SUPEEIJSTTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

court, Avhich made the proceedings tedious and often very expensive for the 
Government. , 

Seventeen snowshoe cabins were repaired and supplied for winter use of 
patrols. 

VIOLATIONS OF LAW. 

The highway robber who held up the coaches near Madison Junction on 
July 9, 1915, has not been apprehended. Edward B. Trafton was tried in the 
United States district court in Cheyenne, Wyo., in December, 1915, and found 
guilty of holding up the coaches in the park on July 29, 1914. He is now 
serving a five-year term in the United States prison at Leavenworth, Kans. 

Most of the cases of persons found hunting in the park during the open 
season in adjoining States were apparently accidental, due to ignorance of the 
whereabouts of the park line, which is not always well marked, and in rough 
country is sometimes hard to find. The cases of apparent willful violations of 
law in regard to hunting occurred mostly during the closed season in the ad- 
joining States by professional hunters. 

SANITATION. 

During the tourist season frequent inspections of hotels and camps were 
made by officials of the Interior Department and officers of this command. 

During July Mr. J. A. Hill made a special inspection of hotels and camps to 
determine the quality and manner of handling of food supplies. An inspection 
of the manner of slaughtering and handling the meat supply in the park was 
made September 6-8 by an expert fi-om the Department of Agriculture on request 
of the Interior Department. 

Two men with a 2-horse team and wagon were kept on the move all summer 
keeping the camping grounds in a sanitary condition and caring for the earth 
closets maintained for public use throughout the park. 

Special sanitary camps for parties traveling in private automobiles and carry- 
ing their own camp equipment, located at Mammoth Hot Springs, Upper Geyser 
Basin, Grand Canyon, and Lake Outlet, were constructed in the early part oi 
the summer. These camps consist of a large shed for housing of automobiles, 
with a capacity of 12 cars at each point, toilets for men and women, and cook- 
ing grates. Dry wood is provided at each place, and at Mammoth Hot Springs 
electric lights and running water are also provided, all without charge to the 
tou.rist. These facilities were appreciated and shoiild be improved upon and 
the sheds enlarged to x^rovide for increased travel. 

rOEEST FIEES. 

The latter part of the season was very dry and special attention had to be 
given to fire patrols. 

A forest fire was reported at Upper Geyser Basin, about 500 yards east from 
Old Faithful Geyser, on August 2. It was controlled by the soldiers stationed 
at that point, assisted by employees of the near-by permanent camps, after it 
had burned over about 3 acres. It was kept under control by the soldiers for 
several days until finally extinguished by a hard rain. It was probably started 
by a picnic partj'. 

On the afternoon of August 25 a small fire was reported about 7 miles south 
from Fort Yellowstone and about a mile from the main road. One scout and a 
detachment consisting of a noncommissioned officer and 10 soldiers were sent 
out and succeeded in extinguishing it the same evening before much damage was 
done, although it smoldered and had to be carefully watched for several days 
afterwards. About half an acre was burned over. The cause of this fire was 
not determined. 

On the evening of September J^ a forest fire broke out on Cougar Creek, 
about 5 miles from Riverside Station, in down timber and jack pines. Such 
men as could be spared from a road camp in that vicinity assisted the men from 
Riverside Soldier Station in extinguishing it after it had burned over about 
4 or 5 acres. Under a high wind it broke out again on September 21 and spread 
rapidly. The men f»om the road crew were again called upon, and 35 soldiers 
from Fort Yellowstone, under a commissioned officer, were sent out to fight 
the fire. The following day the number of soldiers was increased to 70 men, 
and the fire was well under control by the morning of September 25 and was 
extinguished completely by a hard storm ending in snow on September 26 and 
27. This fire burned over a strip about 2 miles long and in places a half mile 



SUPEEINTEXDEXT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 41 

wide, but no material damage was done, as the burning was mostly in down 
timber and jack pines and in willows in the bottoms along the stream located 
several miles from the main road. 

IMPROVEMENTS. 

Four sanitary automobile camps were established at Mammoth Hot Springs, 
Upper Geyser Basin, Outlet of Yellowstone Lake, and Grand Canyon. At each 
camp was constructed a shed 60 by 32 feet, S feet high at the eaves, frames 
built of poles cut in the park and covered with 28-gauge corrUgated steel rooiing, 
painted. The sheds are divided by rows of supporting posts into six double 
stalls each 32 by 10 feet, each stall to hold two automobiles, making a total 
capacity of 12 automobiles to each shed. The sheds cost an average of $292.81 

NATtTRAL PHENOMENA. 

No notable permanent changes were recorded in the action of the geysers and 
hot springs during the year. Many of them appeared to be more active than 
usual for a few weeks in the early part of the summer, due to the increased 
amount of surface water from the exceedingly heavy snows of last winter. 

Hymen Terrace, one of the most beautiful of the terraces at the Mammoth 
Hot Springs, dried up last fall, but started up again the latter part of Febru- 
ary and was faii'ly active until nearly the close of the tourist season, when it 
dried up again and has broken out in a new place just above the old terraces. 

A double vent geyser broke out at the Thumb of the Lake early in May, and 
at first played every 2^ hours to a height of from 75 to 100 feet, but it 
gradually dwindled and quit playing entirely the latter part of July. 

Under special permit of the department a few parties visited the park duiring 
the past winter for the purpose of taking moving pictures of game, and several 
others visited the park during the summer season for the purpose of securing 
moving pictures. 

Assistant to the Secretary of the Interior, Hon. Stephen T. Mather, and 
party visited the park officially from July 22 to July 31. The Superintendent of 
National Parks, Mr. Robert B. Marshall, was in the park from September 3 to 
14. Mr. Horace M. Albright, assistant attorney. Interior Department, was in 
the park September 13 to 18. 

The orders from the War Department direct that the military force now 
guarding the park be withdrawn, Fort Yellowstone abandoned as a post, and 
the guardianship of the park transferred to the Interior Department, eifective 
October 1, 1916. 

The Interior Department is organizing a ranger force to replace the troops. 

In 1886 troops of the Cavalry Arm of the military service marched into the 
park, pitched camp, and took up the important duties of making this magnificent 
reservation a pleasant place for people to visit and a home for the wild game. 
Many officers and men look back upon their service here with the keenest 
pleasure. Their duties have been well and creditably performed, and the 30 
years of military control will be memorable ones in the history of the Yellow- 
stone National Park. 

YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. 

W. B. Lewis, Supervisor, Yosemite, Cal. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

The Yosemite National Park, when created by the act of October 1, 1890 (26 
Stat., 650), Avas situated in Tuolumne, Mariposa, Madera, and Mono Counties, 
Cal., and covered an area of about 1,512 square miles, being 36 miles wide by 
about 40 miles long. Under the act approved February 7, 1905, entitled " An 
act to exclude from the Yosemite National Park, California, certain lands 
therein described and to attach and include the said lands in the Sierra Forest 
Reserve," 542.88 square miles were excluded and 113.62 square miles were added 
to the park, making a net reduction in area of 429.26 square miles, so that the 
area, after the passage of the above act, was 1,082.74 square miles, the park 
being situated in Tuolumne, Mariposa, and Madera Counties. By act of June 
11, 1906. entitled " Joint resolution accepting the recession by the State of 
California of the Yosemite Valley grant and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove, and 
including the same, together with fractional sections five«ind six, township five 



42 SUPERHsrTENDElSrT OF NATIOISTAL PARKS. 

south, range twenty-two east, Mount Diablo meridian, California, within the 
Tnetes and bounds of the Yosemite National Park, and changing the boundaries 
thereof," there were added to the park the Yosemite Valley, 48.60 square miles ; 
Mariposa Big Tree Grove, 4 square miles ; and a strip lying between the latter 
and the park proper, 2.13 square miles ; and deducted by the change in the 
southwestern boundary, 13.06 square miles ; making a net addition to the area 
^of 41.67 square miles. The present area of the park is 1,124.41 square miles. 



Of approximately 103 miles of roads under the control of the Government, 
there is only about 1 mile of good, hard-surfaced road. There are about 2 miles 
of water-bound macadam road on the floor of the Yosemite Valley, which it 
lias not been possible to keep in proper repair, with the result that it is becom- 
ing badly rutted. About 5 miles of road on the valley floor have been surfaced 
with river gravel. This gravel is of an inferior quality, which pulverizes 
rapidly under wear, and necessitates heavy sprinkling to keep down the dust. 
The remainder of the park roads are ordinary dirt roads, most of them built 
years ago, and on account of sharp curves, steep grades, and their narrow 
width, are not adaptable to automobile travel and the heavy trucking of the 
present time. 

The work, just begun, of the reconstruction of El Portal Road should be con- 
tinued until the entire road is completed, with a maximum of 6 per cent grade. 
This should be followed by the improvement of the other roads in the park, 
in the near future, as the increase of travel will soon make demands upon the 
present roads, which they M'ill in no way be able to meet. 

In order to successfully meet this growing demand, it is urgently recom- 
mended that appropriations be made available for three j'ears, or until expended 
to put the roads in first-class condition. This would be a saving to the Govern- 
ment in the long run, in the decrease in cost of maintenance, which cost is at 
present very high as compared with the results obtained. 



The question of bridges on the floor of the Yosemite Valley is one that should 
receive the. immediate attention of the department. There is but one bridge 
at present which has a safe loading capacity of more than 6 tons. This, El 
Capitan Bridge, a combined steel and wood truss, being safe up to 12 tons, 
while the Sentineh Bridge, over which the bulk of the traffic passes, was con- 
demned some three years ago for loads exceeding 3 tons. 

The inconvenience to the park as a result of this condition is apparent Avhen 
the question of maintenance is considered, as the heavy road building and 
sprinkling equipment owned by the park can pass loaded from one side of 
the valley to the other over El Capitan Bridge only. 

The low load capacity of the Seiitinel Bridge has resulted in excessive trans- 
portation costs to the transportation companies operating in the park, as well 
as to the park itself, due to the increased length of haul resulting thereby. 
All freight trucks and heavy passenger trucks en route to points on the north 
side of the valley ai-e compelled to go via the Le Conte Road and Stonemau 
Bridge, an extra hanl of 2 miles. 

The Sentinel Bridge should be first considered and replaced for the accomo- 
dation of the transportation of freight and passenger trucks, and should be 
followed by the replacement of the Pohono, Happy Isles, Stoneman, and Tenaya 
Bridges with modern strnctures with load capacities of not less than 15 tons. 



Of approximately 650 miles of trails within the park, 175 miles can be classed 
as good, requiring small improvements only to put in first-class shape. Some of 
these, such as the Yosemite Falls Trail, the Nevada Falls Trail, and the Tenaya 
Canyon Trail, have been constructed through extremely difficult country, and 
are examples of first-class trail construction. 

One hundred and forty-five miles of the park trails are classed as fair, while 
the remainder, approximately 280 miles, should be reconstructed practically 
throughout. These latter are located principally in the northern part of the 
park, north of the Gr*nd Canyon of the Tuolumne. This part of the park, here- 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 43 

tofore little visited and practically unknown, is beginning to attract attention, 
and -will continue to do so still more' with the establishment of lodges, as proposed, 
for the accommodation of the tourist. It will, therefore, be necessary, in order 
to popularize that part of the park, which possesses unsurpassed mountain 
scenery, to reconstruct many of the trails, thereby insuring travelers against 
danger. 

It is urgently recommended that three entirely new trails be constructed 
during the coming j^ear, viz, the extension of the Washburn Lake Trail to join 
with the Isberg Pass Trail near Harriet Lake, 3 miles ; from the McClure Fork 
of the Merced, three-fourths mile above its junction with the Merced to Tuolumne 
Pass, via Babcock and Emerick Lakes, 8 miles, replacing present trail from 
same initial point to Tuolumne Pass, via Vogelsang Pass, 9 miles. 

POWER PLANT. 

The marked increase in the use of* light and power, as compared with the 
previous year, is shown by the increase of 65 per cent in the output of the 
plant. In order to supply this demand, the plant has run practically to capacity 
during much of the busy season, and it is fortunate that work is in progress for 
the construction of a new plant which, in addition to supplying electricity for 
light and power, will also be able to supply electricity for heating and cooking. 

BUILDINGS. 

The buildings in use for the housing of the Government employees are, for 
the most part, the cottages formerly used by the War Department, located near 
the Yosemite Falls Camp. All of these buildings, with the exception of three, 
liave been sealed and are fairly satisfactory as winter quarters. The other 
three should be sealed before the coming winter, having been constructed, as 
were the others, for summer use only. 

WATEE SUPPLY. 

The increased demand for water, due to the installation of El Capita n Camp 
and the laundry and swimming tank at Yosemite Falls Camp, has been such 
that there have been occasions when it could not be supplied from the regular 
water supply. In order to fill the Yosemite Falls Camp swimming tank, it has 
been necessary to turn the river water into the mains at the power house. 
This has been objectionable, resulting in bursting of pipes in one or two in- 
stances, and the mixing of the river water with the domestic supply of pure 
spring water has brought complaint from water users. 

The present headworks at the spring develop probably 60 per cent of the 
available supply. By additional headworks probably 90 per cent of the avail- 
able supply could be developed. This amount, to be used for domestic purposes 
only, would, undoubtedly, suffice for many years. In order that it would do so, 
however, it would be advisable and necessary to develop a separate supply from 
the river for use in swimming tanks and baths. 

MEDICAL SERVICE. 

The present building in use as a hospital is the same, slightly remodeled, as 
formerly used for that purpose by the War Department, and contains three 
rooms for patients, a small operating room, a nurse's room, and a reception 
and consultation room. Three other rooms are utilized as living quarters by the 
physician and his family. 

One hundred twenty-three cases were treated in the hospital during the year 
July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916, and 1,566 calls were made outside. As many as 
seven patients have been cared for at one time in the hospital, necessitating 
crowding and the utilization of all available space, the surplus being .cared 
for on cots placed in the operating and nurse's rooms. 

The heavy tourist travel necessitates not only the maintenance of a medical 
service and hospital, but the isolation of the park from first-class hospital fa- 
cilities would seem to demand that such a service be of a high order. With the 
present facilities nothing but emergency cases can be cared for, and in order 
to supply the want it will be necessary to replace the present inadequate build- 
ing with a new one with a capacity of about 25 beds. In connection with this, 
but separate from the hospital, there should be erected quarters for the physi- 
cian and his family, as the present condition of maintaining quarters in the 
hospital is unsatisfactory, both from the view of the patients and the physician. 



44 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 

SANITATION. 

Up to the present time nothing has been clone toward the installation of a 
complete sanitary and sewage-disposal S3^stem. During the past season there 
have been as many as 5,000 people in the valley at one time, and for a period 
of three months the number has averaged close to 3,000. The danger of stream 
pollution is evident when it is considered that much of the sewage empties 
directly into the river or its tributary streams. That there has never been a 
typhoid epidemic in the valley below, where people are dependent on the Merced 
liiver as a water supply, as a result of stream pollution in the Yomesite Valley, 
is nothing short of remarkable. 

It therefore appears essential that steps be taken at once to install a com- 
plete system of sufficient capacity to take care of the present and future needs 
of the whole valley. The public camps should be supplied with flush toilets, 
and a crematory for the proper burning of garbage should be installed to take 
the place of the present primitive, evei> though effective, method of burning 
in pits. ' 

FOREST FIRES. 

No serious damage was done by forest fires during the past year, all fires re- 
ported having been easily brought under control by the park rangers, assisted 
by other park employees. 

CLEARING OF THICKETS AND UNDERBRUSH. 

The existence of thickets and dense growths of underbrush in certain timber 
areas on the floor of Yosemite Valley and in the Big Tree Groves and the 
slashings left on the cut-over lands adjacent to the park timberlands along the 
Wawona Road and along the west and south boundaries of the Mariposa Big 
Tree Grove constitute a menace of large proportions in the consideration of fire 
protection. Fires originating in such thickets or slashings, and with a favor- 
able wind, quickly become uncontrollable and large areas are apt to be burned 
over before they can be stopped from spreading. 

Such thickets should be thinned out, and in cases where the slashings adjoin 
park timberlands fire lanes should be cleared out of sufficient width to obviate 
any danger of fires spreading to the timbered areas. 

INSECT CONTROL. 

Some three years ago the department realized the necessity of instituting a 
campaign against the various classes of beetle depredating on the park forests. 
Since that time much effective work has been done with the result that, with 
one exception, all of the infested ai'eas have been brought pretty well under 
control. The one area which has failed to yield to control is located in the 
Cathedral Basin, near Lake Tenaya. This area is forested almost entirely by 
lodge-pole pine. While other areas, since control operations were initiated, 
have shown each year a marked decrease in attacks, this one shows a very 
marked increase. A recent examination by Assistant Forest Entomologist J. M. 
Miller, of the Department of Agriculture, indicates that unless severe measures 
are taken in this area in the near futiii'e the entire lodge-pole stand will be 
exterminated. He estimates that under no condition can more than 50 per cent 
of the stand be saved, and then only in the event control operations on a large 
scale are promptly undertaken. 

LOGGING OPERATIONS. 

Logging operations on private and Government lands within the park have 
been prosecuted on a large scale during the past year by the city and county 
of San Francisco in its development of the Hetch Hetchy project and by the 
Yosemite Lumber Co., but more principally the latter. 

The latter company has cut over during the last year about 370 acres of 
timber land lying within the boundaries of the park. A small percentage (42 
acres) of this has been cut under restrictions whereby trees were left for seed 
and scenic purposes. 

The city and county of San Francisco has cut over about 900 acres of a 
total area of 1,200 acres to be cleared in the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Of the total 
1,200 acres to be cleared, about 400 acres is Government land. In addition to " 
this it has cut over 120 acres of its own lands on what is known as Canyon 
Ranch. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 45 

PATENTED LANDS. 

Attention has been called in previous annual reports to the necessity for the 
abolishment, either by purchase or exchange, of private land and timber hold- 
ings within the park. Agreements have recently been made by which the Gov- 
ernment acquires from the Yosemite Lumber Co. some 200 acres of timberland 
along the Wawona Road and 360 acres from the city and county of San Fran- 
cisco near Hog Ranch. This is in addition to acquisitions immediately follow- 
ing the act of Congress of April 9, 1912. There is also a proposition now being 
considered for an exchange between the department and the Yosemite Lumber 
Co. by which the departiuent would acquire the bulk of the lands within the 
park boundaries in the vicinity of the INIerced and Tuolumne Big Tree Groves. 

RANGER SERVICE. 

The present ranger force consists of 1 chief park ranger, 1 assistant chief 
park ranger, 1 special park ranger in charge of maintenance of roads, trails, 
etc., 1 special park ranger in charge of timber cutting in connection with the 
operations of the Yosemite Lumber Co. and the city and county of San Fran- 
cisco, and 3 regular park rangers, and 19 additional temporary rangers are 
employed during the months of heavy travel. 

INEORMATION BUREAU. 

The bureau of information established last year was continued in operation 
in charge of one of the park rangers. 

The opening of the roads on the floor of the valley at the beginning of the 
season of 1916 to general automobile travel greatly augmented the interest of 
motorists in the park, and the consequent increase in motor travel during the 
1916 season, as compared with that of 1915, demonstrates the popularity of this 
action on the part of the department. The rule of one-way travel was rigidly 
adhered to at the beginning of the season. Later, however, as dangerous curves 
were eliminated, and narrow stretches of the roads were widened, the roads 
were gradually opened to two-way traffic until at present the freedom of the 
roads is given to the motoring public under proper speed regulation. With 
such regulation of speed the valley roads are reasonably safe, and it is recom- 
mended that during the coming season all restrictions as to direction of travel 
be eliminated, except that of one-way traffic on the Big Oak Flat and Wawona 
grades. On these grades travel should be restricted, as at p'resent, to going and 
coming on alternate hours. 

The total number of automobiles entering the park during the period October 
1, 1915, the date of the annual report, and September 30, 1916, was 4,043, of 
which 3,843 were from- California. This includes, in addition to the regularly 
purchased tickets, complimentary tickets to county, State, and Federal officials 
in the park on official business. The travel, segregated as to points of entrance, 
was as follows : 

Cars. 

Alder Creek, Wawona Road _. 2,370 

Merced Grove, Coulterville Road 426 

Crane Flat, Big Oak Flat Road 553 

El Portal, El Portal Road (cars shipped to El Portal over Y. V. R. R.)__ 6 

Aspen Valley, Tioga Road 106 

Tioga Pass, Tioga Road 578 

Hog Ranch, Hetch Hetchy Road 4 

Total 4, 048 

Total for previous year 2, 270 

Increase 1, 773 

Increase over pi-evious year 78 per cent. 
Entering park in private automobiles during period Oct. 1, 1915, to People. 
Sept. 30, 1916 14, 527 

Entering park in private automobiles during previous year , 7, 377 

Increase over previous year 7, 150 

Automobile transportation service on the ffoor of the valley, initiated during 
the sen son of 1915, was continued with increased facilities, running on regulai 
schedules and at fixed rates between camps and hotels and to the various 
points of interest in thfe valley. 

65399—16 4 



46 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 



Visitors to the park during the period October 1, 1915, to September 30, 1916, 
reached a total of 33,396, an increase of 1,748, or 5.5 per cent, over the total 
of the year ending September 1, 1915, the date of last annual report. This 
increase is largely due .to the increased freedom allowed private cars on the 
park roads, especially on the roads on the floor of the valley. 

FISH AND GAME. 

Since the beginning of the 1916 season a more determined effort has been 
made to enforce the park regulations as to fishing. The question of the con- 
servation of fish in the park is an important one since fishing is, particularly 
in the back country, one of the main attractions which draws the tourist to 
those parts. The transportation of small fry to high mountain lakes and 
streams is difficult as, well as expensive. It is, therefore, very essential, as 
a factor in fish conservation, that the regulation limiting the day's catch to 
20 be rigidly enforced. In addition to this, the work of stocking lakes 
and streams and restocking others should go on year by year so far as prac- 
ticable in order that the demand may continue to be met. 

Considerable good work is being done by the park rangers in transplanting 
fish from streams already stocked to those where none exist. This is a very 
effective method of stocking and should be encouraged. 

Since the month of May the State law requiring a State fishing license has 
been enforced in the park for the first time in many years. 

The regulation prohibiting hunting inside of the park is rendering a great 
service in the protection of game. The park has become, as a result, a great 
summer feed ground and breeding place for deer, and it is understood from 
.those who are familiar with the conditions that all classes of game, particularly 
deer, are on the increase. Unfortunately, however, with all its summer feeding 
grounds and breeding places, the park has practically no winter feeding 
grounds, due to the high altitude of all of the areas inclosed by the pnrk 
boundaries. The result is that much of the good work of protection within 
the park goes for naught Avhen in the fall the deer drift down to the lower 
altitudes outside of the park boundaries, where they fall prey to hunters who 
await their coming not far from the park boundaries. A possible solution of 
this problem would be the creation of a neutral zooe of 5 or 6 miles in width 
, along the southern and western boundaries of the park in which hunting would 
be prohibited at all seasons of the year. Such a zone would open up winter 
pastures at low altitudes and would do much for the protection and increase 
of game life within and adjacent to the park. 

FIKEAKMS. 

Approximately 1,500 firearms of various sorts and calibers have been sealed 
or taken up during the year. At present firearms carried by through automobile 
passengers are sealed and the owners are permitted to retain possession. In 
such cases the number of guns sealed is stated on the permit and the seals are 
broken by the ranger at the point of exit. Those brought into the park by 
people on foot or horseback are taken up and turned in to the supervisor's 
■office, whence they are shipped to the owner at the latter's risk. This method 
of handling firearms has proven very satisfactory. There should, however, be 
Incorporated in the firearms regulations a clause stating, in effect, that in cases 
wdiere arms once sealed are later found with seals broken, or in cases where 
arms are In-ought into the park unsealed in direct violation of the regulations, 
or in cases where there is any attempt to evade the regulations by denial of 
possession or concealment, said arms shall be promptly confiscated and the 
party shall forfeit all claim thereto. 

EECO^MENDATION S . 

To meet ibe demand for new circuits next year, a new switchboard will have 
to be installed. 

It is urgently recommended that these lines be replaced by metallic circuits of 
No. 9 wire, and of uniform construction. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 47 

SEQUOIA AND GENERAIi GRANT NATIONAL PARKS. 

Walter Fkt, Supervisor, Three Rivers, Cal. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

Tiie Sequoia National Parlr. set aside by act of September 25, 1890 (26 Stat., 
478), and act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat., 650), is located in Tulare County, 
Cal. It has an area of 161,597 acres and ranges in altitude from 1,100 feet to 
11,900 feet. The General Grant National Park, set aside by act of October 1, 
1890 (26 Stat., 650). is located one-half in Tulare County and one-half in 
Fresno County. Cal. It has an area of 2.536 acres and ranges in altitude from 
5,250 feet to 7,631 feet. The Sequoia National Park derives its name and 
much of its interest from the presence of many large groves of " big trees " 
(Sequoia wasJiingtoniana) , and the General Grant National Park was thus 
named by reason of the " General Grant tree." so widely known for its size 
and beauty. Both of these parks are situated on the western slope of the 
Sierra Nevada and contain some of the most rugged alpine scenery to be 
found on the continent. The magnificent forests within their borders can not 
be considered their only striking feature. There is much to be seen that is 
unique among the marvels of nature. The combination of rivers and lakes 
with forest-covered mountains and here and there snow-capped summits reach- 
ing far above timber line may well hold the traveler spellbound, for in but 
few countries in the world maj' be seen its equal. Hidden in the fastness of 
their towering mountains are found many wonderful and awe-inspiring scenes, 
many of them equaling in grandeur and impressiveness those found in the 
world-renowned Alps which for years have attracted the gaze of multitudes. 

t GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The rainfall and snowfall during the winter of 1915-16 were far above the 
normal, resulting in much damage to roads and trails and delay in traffic 
through high altitudes. Owing to deep snow and high. waters in the higher 
elevations traffic above the 7,500-foot leyel was not accomplished until July 1. 
Repair and improvement work was commenced on roads, trails, and telephone 
lines on April 15 and completed by .Tune 30. The parks were opened for 
accommodation of the public on May 25, at which time all park concessionaires 
began active operations. There are hotels, stores, feed 5'ards, post offices, tele- 
phone stations, and photograph galleries in each of the parks, and physician 
and surgeon in the Sequoia Park. Regular automobile transportation service 
is operated between Lemon Cove Railroad Station and Giant Forest in the 
Sequoia Park and between Sanger and General Grant Park. The distance from 
Lemon Cove to Giant Forest is 40 miles and from Sanger to General Grant 
Park 46 miles. 

REPAIRS AND IMPROVEMENTS. 

A new road 3,900 feet in length has been built to take the place of that 
portion of the Mineral King Road at Lookout Point just inside the western 
boundary of the park, thus doing away with that portion of the old road which 
was too steep of grade to admit traffic feasible thereover. The new road is of 
easy grade and good width. 

Twenty-seven miles of the Giant Forest Road, were graded and right of way 
cleared of fallen timber, rocks, and landslides! 

Sixty-seven miles of the Alta, Seven-Mile Hill, Black Oak, Colony Mill, Hos- 
pital, and Middle Fork Trails have been improved by their being widened from 
3 feet to 5 feet and the building of retaining walls oa their lower s\de along 
the steep mountain sides, thus insuring more safety to travel. 

Fifty-four miles of the South Fork Trail and intersecting trails have been 
repaired and are in good condition. 

The old Marble Fork Bridge that collapsed during winter storms has been 
repaired. 

General Grant Park. — Three and one-half miles of the Stephens Grade Road 
were widened from 10 feet to 16 feet. Four and one-half miles of the North 
Park and Millwood Roads were gj-aded and five additional passing points for 
vehicles constructed. 



48 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

GUABDING THE PAEKS. 

The supervisor is assisted throughout the j'ear by three permanent park- 
rangers and during the sumnaer months by eight additional park rangers in the 
Sequoia Park, and by one permanent park ranger, and during the summer 
months by one additional park ranger in the General Grant Park, lieguhir and 
constant patrols are made by these men in all parts of the reservations. Four 
of the above temporary park i-augers were detailed to various rofid and trail 
entrances to the Sequoia Park, whose principal duties were the issuing of auto- 
mobile permits, checking of traffic, taking up of firearms, and the issuing of 
instructions to and the registration of park visitors. 

PARK VISITORS. 

Visitors throughout the season showed a gratifying disposition to observe the 
park rules and regulations, and they seemed to enjoy' the parks thoroughly. 
More persons visited the parks this season than during any previous year. 
Between March 1 and September 30 there were 10,780 visitors to Sequoia Park, 
of whom 5,019 remained for a period of three days or more, and 5,668 were 
transient tourists. 

Travel to Sequoia Park by different entrances. 

Giant Forest Road — : 4,808 

Mineral King Road 1, 653 

Elk Park Road _^ 1, 531 

South Fork Trail 442 

Quiun-Little Kern Trail 443 

Kings River Trail 535 

Black Oak Trail 350 

Halstead Meadow Trail . 423 

Hockett-Tar Gap Trail • 240 

Seven-Mile Hill Trail 3-"')5 

Total 10,780 

Means of transportation to Sequoia Park. 

Sequoia National Park Transportation Co., automobile stage 293 

Automobile i ' - 3, 541 

Motorcycle 6 

Wagon • 2, 846 

Mounted on horse 3, 6J5 

Afoot : 399 



Total 10,780 

Residence of visitors to Sequoia National Park. 

United States : United States — Continued. 

Arizona 6 Oklahoma 12 

Alaska 8 Texas 7 

California 10, 521 Washington 21 

Colorado '. 11 Wisconsin 6 

Connecticut 14 



Distript of Columbia 12 Total— 10,755 

Georgia 9 ■ 

Hawaii 2 Foreign countries: 

Illinois 21 Australia 6 

Iowa 7 Cliina 8 

Kansas 14 England 5 

Michigan 11 Fi-ance 2 

Missouri 14 Japan 4 

Nebraska 10 • 

New York 18 Total 25 

Ohio 12 — ' ■' ■ 

Oregon 19 Grand total 10r780 

Between May 1 and September 30 there were 15,360 visitors to General Grant 
Park, of whom 6,298 remained for a period of three days or more, and 8,928 
were transient tourists. 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIOITAL PAEKS. 49 

Travel to General Grant National Park by different entrancept. 

Stephens Grarle Road 10.464 

Millwoocl Road 1. 879 

Lfike Road 2, 075 

Halstead Meadow Trail 942 

Total 15,360 

Means of transportation to General Grant National Parle. 

Kinirs River-Hume Auto Service Co 1,836 

CalA'in IMarple. automobile sta^e 251 

Peter Hnux, saddle and wagon transportation 199 

Automobile 8, 551 

Motorcycle 1 45 

Wfipon , 2, 531 

Mounted, horse 853 

Afoot 1, 494 

Total 15,360 

Residenee of visitors to General Gi-ant National Parle. 

T7ni ted States* United States — Continued. 

Alaska 4 Nebraska 46 

Arizona 15 New York 38 

Arkansas 4 Oregon 7 

Cnlifornia 14,992 

Connecticut 5 Total 15, 208 



Colorndo 16 • 

District of Columbia 14 Foreign countries : 

OeorfTia 13 Australia 10 

Illinois 71 Canada 8 

Indiana 12 

Iowa i_ 46 Total 18 



K^^nsas 32 =^= 

Missouri 27 Grand total 15,360 

BOADS. 

The following is a report of the roads in the Sequoia and Gen. Grant National 
I'arks : 

Sequoia Park. — The three roads entering the park are the Giant Forest, the 
Elk Park, and the IMineral King, all of which lead out from the one county road 
in the vicinity of Three Rivers west of the park and terminate at the following 
points in th;^ high Sierras : The Giant Forest Road terminates at Wolverton, in 
the northeastern portion of the park; the Elk Park at Moro Creek, in the east 
central portion of the park ; and the Mineral King at Mineral King, 6 miles 
east of and through the southern portion of the park. Of the Giant Forest 
Road there are 29 miles within the park, of the Elk Park 10 miles, and of the 
Mineral King 11 miles ; thus aggregating a total of 50 miles of road system 
within the park. 

All the above-mentioned are earth roads located over a very rough mountain- 
ous country, and the two former are what may be termed good mountain 
roads but fire yet lacking in proper width and drainage system, and in a few 
localities their location should be so changed as to eliminate therefrom certain 
sections that are too steep of grade. About one-half that portion of the 
Mineral King Road within the park is too steep of grade to admit traffic 
feasible thereover, and in such places the road should be relocated and a new 
road built to take the place of the old road. 

The difficult problems that obtain over all Aese roads are due to the fact 
that each road runs to a certain different scenic portion of the park, whei'e 
they terminate ; thus in every instance traffic is forced to return over the 
same route as that of their entry, a fact undesirable. In order to obviate the 
foregoing condition it is essential that these roads all be united by a road 
system from north to south through the eastern portion of the park, the said 



50 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

system to begin at a point on the county road at Big Meadow north of the park, 
thence to Wolverton, a distance of 16 miles ;' tlience from Giant Forest to Moro 
Creeii, 7 miles ; thence to Mineral King Road at eastern park boundary, 9 miles. 
Thus it will be seen that by the construction of this 32 miles of road system 
the Sequoia and Gen. Grant National Parks would be united by same, separate 
ro-utes for travel would be created, and it would make accessible to travel 
210 miles of roads between Sanger in a northerly direction and Lemon Cove in 
a southerly direction over the most scenic portion of the high Sierras, a fact 
that will never be acquired otherwise. 

Geti. Grant Park. — There are 13* miles of earth roads within the park, with 
names and different entrances as follows : The Stephens Grade Road enters 
the park from the south, the North Park Road from the north, and the 
Millwood and Lake Roads from the west. These roads should all be improved 
in manner of their being widened and the construction of additional drain 
culverts. The Stephens Grade-North Park Road, 4 miles in length, should be 
macadamized, as this road forms the only connecting link from all county roads 
from the San Joaquin Valley west of the park to the Kings River Canyon State 
Highway to the east of the park, hence it is assured that traffic over the road 
will always be very great and increase with enormous rapidity from year to year. 



With sincere regret I record the accidental death near Visalia, Cal., on 
April 22, 1916, of Charles Willard Blossom, chief park ranger of the Sequoia 
National Park, which was caused by the overturning of his automobile in which 
he was riding and driving. Mr. Blossom had taken the day on annual leave 
and was returning from Visalia to duty in the park when the accident occuri'ed. 

Mr. Blossom had served as park ranger in the Sequoia National Park for 
a period of over 13 years, and I do not know of a man in the service with a 
better record. His intense love for the mountains and passion for the splen- 
dors of nature lured him to the parks and fitted him for the work. He was a 
man of understanding and a full sense of high honor. To his love for the 
out of doors was added a love for his fellow man, which endeared him to all 
who knew him. 



Fishing in the parks was seemingly better during the 1916 season in all the 
waters other than that of Wolverton Creek and' Marble Fork River in the Se- 
quoia Park, upon both of which streams there has been heavy drain from 
year to year by patrons of the Giant Forest tourist camp in the near-by vicinity. 

Conceding the importance in bringing this class of sport to a higher degree 
of attractiveness, a consignment of 78,000 rainbow trout was procured, by dona- 
tion, by the California board of fish and game commissioners, and liberated in 
waters of the Sequoia Park as follows : Middle Fork Kaweah River, 62,000 ; 
Wolverton Creek, 16,000. 



All game in the parks is protected, except predatory animals and harmful 
species of r'odents which are permitted to be killed by the park rangers. Deer 
and bear are numerous and usually very tame. Elk are occasionally seen, 
but more often outside than within the parks. Their range has been materially 
extended of recent years. They now roam to the headwaters of Tule River to 
the south. Sheep Creek to the north, Redwood Meadow to the east, and Manikin 
P'lat to the west ; thus comprising a range area of some 195 square miles. Wild 
turkeys are fairly abundant in the Sequoia Park in the vicinity of the junction 
of the Middle Fork and Marble Fork of the Kaweah Rivers, and there is every 
indication of their having become firmly established. Of the three different 
types that were placed in the park during the seasons of 1909-10, viz, Mexican 
gray, Arizona bronze, and Texas black, the two former species seem to have 
entirely disappeared. This fact is attributed to their either having died, been 
caught by predatory wild animals, or blended to such extent as to form inter- 
gradation to the latter mentioned species. It would seem, however, the latter 
to be the most feasible of the three causes given. The turkeys range in two 
separate groups ; one that ranges at the mouth of the Marble Fork is quite tame 
like most other birds of the parks but the other has 'a higher altitudinal range 
several miles in extent and are so wary it is difficult to ever see them. Grouse 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 51 

aiul quail are abundant, although quail are not so numerous as last year. Last 
winter severe weather drove the quail to lower altitudes and many of them 
west of the parks, where hunting parties killed a great many of them. Squirrels, 
rabbits, and wild pigeons seem to be about holding their own, but there is 
marked decrease in the number of doves. Owing to the refilling with water 
again last winter of the Tulare Lake region west of the parks, thus providing 
ample water and food for all species of ducks and geese, but few of such ever 
drifted into the parks. 

GAME PRESERVE. 

The Sequoia and General Grant National Parks are of particular importance 

. as a game preserve because, of all American possessions, they are among the 

ones in which frontier conditions promise to last the longest. Notwithstanding 

their vast wealth in forests and scenic attractions, their territory will never be 

populated, and as a consequence all animal and bird life will prosper. 

Even if game remained abundant in some portions of the United States, still 
the game of these parks would be of special interest because they include 
many species of animal and bird life quite different in kind and habits. The 
wholesome interest in nature study and outdoor life recently awakened in the 
United States is likely to be permanent, and future generations, whether hunt- 
ers, naturalists, animal photographers, or simply lovers of nature, will set a 
high value upon the possession of this undespoiled territory furnishing primi- 
tive haunts for many species of birds and wild animals. 

FAUNA AND FLOEA. 

The number of species of fauna and flora in the Sequoia and General Grant 
National Parks proves to be very large. This is accounted for practically by 
reason of the very great variety of climate they possess, greater than occurs 
in any other park in the Union, grading all the way from the upper austral 
zone of the San Joaquin Valley to the arctic climate of perpetual snow on the 
summits of the high Sierras. They possess a range of climate conlprising four 
different life zones of habitation, and in some portions a climate peculiar to 
the region alone. 

POST OFFICES AND MAIL FACILITIES. 

On L>ecember 23, 1915, the name of the Ranger post office in the Sequoia 
National Par\v was changed to that of Giant Forest. 

No contract has yet been awarded for supplying mail to this office, and 
vmder the present system mail is carried thrice a week between the park 
office and Lemon Cove, Cal., a distance of 40 miles, the first-class mail being 
carried for two-thirds the cancellation thereon and the parcel-post matter at 
the rate of 2 cents per pound. The present system is very unsatisfactory and 
bids should be solicited whereby the office be supplied with a daily mail service 
under contract, Sundays excepted, for the period June 1 to September 30 of 
each year. 

The thrice-a-week mail route that applied between General Grant National 
Park and Badger, Cal., was discontinued and a new contract put into effect 
on June 10, 1916, for daily service, Sundays excepted, between Sanger, Cal., 
and the park. Nothing more appropriate could have been accomplished than 
this change looking to the welfare of the park visitors. 

FOREST CONDITIONS. 

The forests of the parks are in healthy condition. The past season has 
been the most favorable in the past 10 years for the rapid growing and the 
prolific germinating of all species of the , coniferfe family. The restocking 
with seedlings over former burnt areas has made rapid progress. There is 
heavy undergi'owth everywhere. The rate of growth varies greatly, not only 
according to soil and moisture, but also according to exposure and the in- 
fluence of surrounding vegetation. Almost invariably the restocking has been 
with the same species that occupied the ground before. The cold, freezing 
weather that prevailed in the parks all above the 3,000-foot elevations, covering 
a period May 18 to 21, inclusive, destroyed practically all the 1916 seed crop 
of the coniferse species other than that of the sequoia ; also many species of 



52 suPEEiiSrTE:NDE]srT of national paeks, 

the oak seed were destroyed from the same cause ; hence but little or no repro- 
duction may be expected next year from those affected species. 

FOEEST INSPECTION. 

During the months of July, August, and September of the present year in- 
spection was made of practically all the coniferous forest belt of the parks, 
comprising an area of approximately 133,920 acres. This inspection was per- 
formed by the park rangers and in connection with their regular patrol duty. 
No new outbreaks of insect or disease enemies of the forests have been detected. 

FOREST FIRES. 

Three forest fires were started in the Sequoia Park during the season, two 
set by lightning and one cause of origin unknown, but were detected and extin- 
guished by park rangers before damage was done. Two fires that started in 
the vicinity west of the park and threatened serious damage thereto were 
extinguished prior to their, entering the park by park and forest rangers, 
volunteer and paid fire-fighting men. 



Mr. Oliver R. Prien, park ranger, Yosemite National Park, was transferred 
to duty in the Sequoia National Park, effective May 1.5, 1916, to fill the vacancy / 
of Charles W. Blossom, deceased. 

WEATHER CONDITIONS. 

The past season was a dry one ; only upon three occasions after May IS was 
there precipitation over the park areas, and that practically of no consequence. 
The weather was generally clear and the atmosphere cool and pleasant. 

BECOJI MENDATION S. 

(1) That Unit(^d States Congress be requested to provide measures whereby 
title to the deeded land within the Sequoia and General Grant National Parks 
be acquired by the United States Government; (2) that the State of California 
be requested to cede to the United States Government entire jurisdiction of the 
Sequoia and General Grant National Parks; (8) that the boundaries of the 
Sequoia National Park be extended to conform to those suggested by Mr. 
K. B. Marshall, Superintendent of National Parks. 

MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK. 

D. L. Reabuen, Supervisor, Ashford, AVash. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

Mount Rainier National Park was created by act of Congress approved March 
2, 1899, and exclusive jurisdiction of the territory so set asid' was ceded to the 
United States by act of the Legislature of the State of V'nshington approved 
March 16, 1901. Exclusive jurisdiction of the reservatior was accepted by act 
of Congress approved June 30, 1916. 

The park is located in the western part of the State of Washington, imme- 
diately west of the summit of the Cascade Mountains, and about 40 miles 
southeasterly from the southern end of Puget Sound. It is situated largely in 
T'ierce County, but a portion lies in Lewis County. The main entrance to the 
park is located near the southwest corner, distant by automobile road 93 miles 
from Seattle, 56 miles from Tacoma, and 6A miles from Ashford, on the Tacoma 
Eastern Railroad, a branch line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. 

Longmire Springs, distant 6* miles by automobile road from the main en- 
trance, is the headquarters within the park of the park supervisor, the Rainier 
National Park Co., and other concessioners. Longmire Springs is connected by 
telephone to Seattle, Tacoma, and the principal camps and ranger stations 
within the park. 

Mount Rainier National Park is in charge of a supervisor, who is assisted 
throughout the year by a clerk-stenographer and three permanent park rangers. 



SUPEKINTEl^DENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 53 

During the summer season the local force was increased by 6 temporary park 
rangers, a construction foreman, a locating engineer, and fi'om 50 to 150 men. 
The local post-office address is Ashford, Wash. 

TOPOGBAPHY. 

The northwest corner of the park, by road and trail travel, is about 45 miles 
southeast from the tidewaters of Puget Sound, an arm of the Pacific Ocean, 
from which waters and the country surrounding the main object of interest in 
the park, Mount Rainier, appears during the prevalence of ordinary clear weather 
as a most imposing spectacle — an ice and snow clad dome 14,408 feet high. 

The park reserve is a nearly perfect square, the sides of which are 18 miles 
in length, and contains, therefore, 324 square miles, or sections of 640 acres 
each (207.360 acres), and is completely surrounded by lands embraced within 
the Rainier National Forest. 

Near the center of the park is the summit of Mount Rainier, from which 
radiates a system of glaciers, ranking in importance with any similar system 
or group of glaciers in the world. There are more than a score of these 
glaciers, from which originate four important rivers — the Nisqually, the Puyal- 
lup, the White, and the Cowlitz — the three first named having large electric- 
power generating plants located on them at points outside the park, but all 
dependent upon this glacial system and the waters originating therein. The 
Cowlitz is as important as the others in this respect, but as yet completed de- 
velojiment of power-generating plnnts has not been accomplished. 

The general elevation at the boundary lines of the park of the glacial valleys 
is 2,000 feet above sea level. From the boundary lines these valleys afford a 
comparatively easy grade to the lower ends or " snouts " of the various glacier's, 
approximately an average additional elevation of 2,000 feet. At these glacial 
snouts the real Alpine nature of Mount Rainier National Park territory is 
thrust upon the traveler, and from, over, around, and alongside the glaciers 
trails have been constructed with a view to making the wonders of nature 
within the park easily accessible as well as to provide patrol routes for the 
protection of the forests and game. These trails lead to the camps or pjirk 
known as Paradise Valley (Camp of the Clouds), Indian Henrys Hunting 
Ground (Wigwam Hotel), Van Trump Park, Cowlitz Park, Ohanapecosh Valley, 
and Silver Spray Falls, Moraine Park, Grand Park, Elysian Fields, Spray Park, 
Natural Bridge, Cataract Basin, St. Andrews Park, Glacier Basin, etc. 

The main wagon road to this vast wonderland leads out from Tacoma and 
Seattle and is a highly improved thoroughfare for a greater part of the distance 
from these cities to the park entrance, near the southwest corner of the park,' 
a distance of 56 miles from Tacoma and 93 miles from Seattle. At the park gate 
this road is met by the road built and maintained by the Government within 
the parlc. The Government end of this road is 20.4 miles in length, leading 
from the entrance gate (elcv-ation, 2,003 feet) to Longmire Springs (6.6 miles; 
elevation 2,750 feet) ; thence to foot of Nisqually Glacier (5 3 miles; elevation 
8,909 feet) ; thence to Narada Falls (4.1 miles; elevation 4,572 feet) ; thence to 
the Camp of the Clouds, in Paradise Valley (4.4 miles; elevation 5,557 feet). 
To this point the road is open to automobiles during the summer months. The 
road above Nisqually Glacier was opened to automobiles for the first time on 
Tune 20, 1915. 

FOEEST CONDITIONS. 

More than 200 square miles of the park lands are densely timbered. Douglas 
fir, white cedar, Alaska cedar, and hemlock are the predominating varieties. 
In addition to those named, the following varieties are found at various points 
within the park: Lovely fir. Noble fir, Alpine fir, silver fir, Alpine hemlock, 
spruce, white pine, black (or lodge pole) pine, alder, cottonwood, quaking aspen, 
broad-leaf maple, vine maple, and smooth-leaf maple. 

At an approxnuate general elevation of 4,500 feet the density of timber 
growth gradually diminishes until the extreme timber line is reached. The 
intervening areas, which are usually benches or plateaus on the long, sloping 
ridges separating the various glacial basins, form beautiful natural parks, in 
some of which tent camps or hotels are established and to which tourists resort 
in large numbers for rest and recreation. These natural parks and tent camps 
serve as bases for the arduous task of ascending to the summit of Mount 
Rainier, and for exploring the lesser mountain peaks, the glaciers, snow fields, 
and canyons so numerous within the park areas and in the areas surrounding. 



54 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

These upland meadows, benches, phiteaus, or natni-al parks are beautifully 
adorned by nature with flowers and shrubs of infinite variety and color and fur- 
nish to the most skilled botanist, not to speak of the amateur and the mere 
lover of the beautiful, problems in nature study never ending. Nearly 400 
varieties of plant life are known to grow within the park. 



iiotith Side Road. — The (Jovernment road from tlie southwest corner of the 
park to Paradise Valley, 20.4 miles Wng, was constructed under direction of the 
War Department at an original cost of $240,000, and was opened for travel 
in 1910. 

The section of road above Nisqually Glacier was- opened to automobiles on 
June 20, 1915. It is operated on a one-way schedule, by which automobiles 
leave Nisqually Glacier and Paradise on each hour, passing at Narada Falls on 
the half hour. Tliis traflic Is controlled by three park rngers in telephone com- 
muniction. The system has proved very satisfactory, and seems to have met 
with tlie approval of the public. 

During the past two seasons about 9,000 automobiles and 50,000 people have 
passed over this section of road without an accident. 

White River Road. — During the seasons of 1914, 1915, and 1916 the Mount 
Painier Mining Co., luider a permit from the department, has constructed a 
wagon road up the north bank of White River from the ranger station at 
boundary post No. 62 to Glacier Basin, a distance of about 12 miles. 

The road was built for use by the company in connection with its mining 
operations in Glacier Basin. It follows practically the water grade of White 
River, which runs from 2^ per cent in the lower sections to 13J per cent at tim 
extreme upper end. Only one or two short sections are over 11 per cent. It 
is a single ti-ack wagon road, graded to a uniform grade, 12 feet wide inside of 
ditches. The bridges and culverts are 16 feet wide and are well constructed. 
A considerable portion of the road has been surfaced and the company is now 
operating an auto truck over it. 

After the completion next year of the INIcClellan Pass Highway to the ranger 
station, there will be a strong demand from tourists and park visitors to the 
north side to use the road. 

ROAD IMPKOVEMENT. 

During the past three seasons the following amounts have been expended on 
maintenance and improvement of the South Side Road : 

July 1, 1914, to June 30, 1915 - $32,364.19 

July 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916 17, 865. 94 

Since July 1, 1916 (approximately) 11,000.00 

Total 1 61, 230. 13 

The work has included general repair and maintenance, consisting of widen- 
ing, construction of wood and concrete culverts, reshaping and ditching, con- 
structing rock and timber cril) retaining walls, guard rails, construction and 
repair of concrete and wooden bridges, clearing of dead and dangerous timber 
from the roadside, and surfacing with 6 inches of cement gravel.. 

During the season just ending the old horseshoe bridge above Narada Palls, 
which was partially destroyed during the winter by a snow slide, was replaced 
by a high rock fill constructed on a sharp curve. This work cost about $1,000. 
which included grading and surfacing the approaches for a distance of about 
500 feet. 

The timberwork in the old truss bridge over Van Trump Creek at Christine 
Falls is badly decayed and the bridge has been condemned for the 1917 season. 
A new 60-foot span bridge is now being constructed across the box canyon close 
in to the falls, which involves some heavy excavation in solid rock on the ap- 
proaches. 

BOAD SURVEYS. I 

Cnrhon River Road. — During the months of October and November, 1915, 
location surveys by a party in charge of Engineer J. G. Morgan were made for 
an automobile road up the Cai-bon Rivei- Valley, in the northeast corner of the 
park. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 55 

The line follows practically a water grade up the south bank of the Carbon 
River to Cataract Creek near the snout of Carbon Glacier. The grade varies 
from 2J per cent at the lower end to 6 per cent at the upper end. 

This road when constructed and connected with the State and county highway 
system will shorten the distance to the national park boundary from Tacoma 
21 miles and from Seattle 41 miles under the present traveled route through 
Ashford, and will open up and make accessible to tourist travel tlie most rugged 
side of the mountain. 

East Side Road. — Location surveys by Engineer Morgan are now under way 
for an automobile i-oad, starting from the south side road at Inspiration Point 
(elevation 4,850) above Narada Falls and following via Reflection Lakes, 
Stevens Canyon, south end of Cowlitz Divide, Ohanapecosh and Chinock Rivers, 
to connect with the McClellan Pass State Highway in Cay use Pass (elevation 
4,600). The survey is being made on a maximum grade of 6 per cent and the 
total length is about 26 miles. 

When completed it will open up the park to the Yakima Valley and the entire 
eastern ]yart of the State and make it possible for automobilists west of the 
Cascades to completely encircle the mountain, entering the pnrk via the south- 
west gate and leaving by the Wliite River entrance, or vice versa. 

The park trail system, which now entirely encircles the mountain, has a total 
length of about 150 miles. 

The trip around the mountain can be made in about seven days, and with 
proper advertising should become a very popular feature. By making camp 
each night at certain points in the natural parks and upland meadows the 
tourist can travel on foot by the shortest route between camps, crossing the 
glaciers, well above timber line, and obtain a magnificent view of the mountain 
and surroiuiding country from all angles, affording one of the most interesting 
scenic trips in the world. 



No fires occurred within the park during the season of 1916, but there were 
numerous fires outside the park, and the smoke drifted into the park at times 
to such an extent that sight-seeing was impossible except in the early morning 
hours. 

GAME. 

Hunting is absolutely prohibited in park territory, and every precaution is 
taken by park officers to prevent poaching, but the densely wooded nature of 
the territory adjacent to the park boundary makes it impossible to entirely stop 
the practice. A great many deer are driven down into the lower elevations by 
the fall and winter snows. They find their way across the boundary into the 
favorite hunting grounds, where they are killed in large numbers. 

It is recommended that steps be taken to create a game preserve surrounding 
the park. 

A great many deer and bears have been observed in the park during this sea- 
son. Bears have broken into the meat houses in the construction camps on sev- 
eral occasions and carried away considerable quantities of fresh and cured 
meats. 

MINING CLAIMS. 

Mining operations are confined, to claims located prior to the act of Congress 
of May 27, 1908, prohibiting the location of mineral claims within the national 
parks. 

The Mount Rainier Mining Co. have been operating for several years, under 
permit from the department, on the development of its claims in Glacier 
Basin. During the past three seasons it has constructed a wagon road up 
the valley of White River to Glacier Basin and has installed a sawmill, a 
power and light plant, an aerial tramway, and have driven several hundred feet 
of tunnels in addition to the construction of several permanent buildings. 
Its working force has consisted of from 40 to 50 men working the year round. 

In the vicinity of Longmire Springs the Eagle Peak Copper Mining Co. is 
working toward the development of two claims, and Sherman Evans and Ike 
Evans two claims. The Eagle Peak Copper Mining Co. has driven a tunnel 
410 feet long and installed a power plant, consisting of a 14-inch turbine 
wheel, operating under a head of 55 feet and generating about 20 horsepower. 



56 SUPEEINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 

Water is conveyed from Paradise River through a flume to tlie wheel. The 
power is used to operate an 8 by 8 inch Ingersoll Rand compressor with a ca- 
pacity of 90 cubic feet per minute. Fifty feet of tunnel was driven this year 
and about 100 feet last year. 

The Mount Itainier Mining Co. has made several shipments of ore, which 
assays about $60 per ton. No shipments except for test purposes have been 
made by the Eagle Peak Go. 

MIKEKAL SPEINGS. 

The principal mineral springs, and the only ones of easy access to the tourist, 
are those located on the patented land at Longmire Springs. Several kinds of 
mineralized water spring from the ground on this tract. Some of this water 
has a temperature of 70° F. on reaching the surface. It is heavily charged with 
sulphur, and a swimming tank is provided in order that visitors may take a 
"sulphur plunge." • Other waters are charged with iron, and still others are 
sweet, cool, and sparkling. 

But little care has been exercised in the past to prevent pollution of these 
springs. During the past season the property was leased to a company known 
as the Longmire Springs Hotel Co. This company has constructed 16 new cot- 
tages and has done considerable work toward cleaning up the springs and 
grounds. A new two-story hotel building 50 by 100 feet is now under construc- 
tion, and they plan to construct a new garage for use next season. 

The Ohanapecosh hot springs, near the southeast corner of the park, are very 
hot and are noted for their curative qualities. Very little development work 
has been done on them, and they are accessible by trail only, 13 miles from 
Lewis, Wash., or 1.5 miles from Narada Falls. They are located just south of 
the park boundary in the national forest. The small amount of land involved 
should be added to the park, so that it may be properly developed by the 
park service, and made available for use of visitors. 

Fine mineralized water has been discovered along the recently constructed 
West Side Trail on the South Fork of the Puyallup River, near boundary 
post No. 16. 

TKAVEL. 

The tourist season began at a very late date owing' to the heavy snowfall 
during the past winter, which prevented opening the road to automobiles until 
the following dates : 

To Longmire Springs, May 18; to Nisqually Glacier, June 15; to Narada 
Falls, .July 14 ; to Paradise Valley, August 24. 

Up to .Tuly 31 only 5,o97 visitors registered at the park gate, as compared 
with a total of 10,057 for the season of 1915. 

During the i)ei-hH\ August 1 to September 15, 14,572 people entered, against - 
16,031 for the corresponding pei-iod last year. The total registration for the 
.season, up to September 30, was as-follows : 

At the main entrance 22,189 

At the Ohanapecosh 100 

At the Carbon River and the White River 1, 700 

Total - 23,989 

Distribution of visitors registering at the main entrance: 

From Tacoma 6,968 

From Seattle 6, 718 

From other points in the State of Washington 4,762 

From points outside the Stare of Washington 5,541 

Total 23, 989 

Number entering in private atitomobile 17,795 

Number entering by Ashford stage 2,274 

Number entering by Seattle and Tacoma stage 1, .586 

Number entering by motorcycle 150 

Number entering by horse-drawn vehicle J.tjOO 

Number entering on foot 584 

Total 23,989 

It is estimated that 3,000 people came into the park for camping purpo.ses. 



Legend 




J\fed£aZ /nor-a. 
cuuZ dirt ban 
on, ^Zctciej*. 




Cr-efaases ou 
ice ccisc-actes 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 57 

AUTOMOBILES AND MOTOECYCLES. 

During the year ended September 30, 1916, 2,926 automobile entrance permits 
and 97 motoi'cycle permits were issued. 

HOTELS ANp CAMP ACCOMMODATIONS. 

Rainier National Park Co. — This has been the first season of operation for 
the Rainier National Park Co. This organization was formed in March, 1916, 
accepting a 20-year concession from the Government for hotel, camp, and trans- 
portation privileges in Mount Rainier National Park. The company is capi- 
talized at $200,000. 

Operations of the company for 1916 season have been camps at Paradise 
Valley, Nisqually Glacier, and park entrance; automobile and auto-stage trans- 
portation from point to point within the park; also from Tacoma and Ashford 
to points within the park, and a garage in Paradise Valley. The company is 
constructing a hotel at Paradise Valley, to be known as Paradise Inn. 

The extreme lateness of the season, on acjount of heavy snowfall in the park, 
has seriously interrupted all operations undertaken by the company. This has 
been especially true in regard to the construction of Paradise Inn. Some of 
the heavy material for this structure was placed on the ground last fall, hence 
it was possible to begin operations on the building before the roads were opened 
for travel. Foundation work was begun about July 20. Timber work was 
begun on August 23. Notwithstanding these serious delays, the ofhcials of the 
company feel confident that the new hotel will be completed this fall and opened 
to the public on July 1, 1917. 

Paradise Inn is of unusual construction. The frame is made entirely of 
weathered logs from the silver forest near by. These logs show entirely to the 
ridgepole in the big lounging room, which is 50 by 112 feet. The dining room 
is practically the same size. The hotel will accommodate about 400 guests. 
Cost will be very nearly $100,000. 

The camp at Paradise Valley has been operated by the company under great 
disadvantages ; snow conditions prevented automobile travel to the valley until 
August 25. Prior to that date passengers were transported over the pony trail 
from Narada Falls to Paradise Valley. All supplies had to be transported in 
the same manner. Notwithstanding these difficulties, some 4,000 guests have 
been accommodated at Paradise Camp during the past season. 

The company's camp at Nisqually Glacier was completed and opened to the 
public July 7, fully 30 days later than contemplated. Snow conditions made 
earlier opening impossible. This camp consisted of a lunch pavilion, where 
meals were served a la carte. Sleeping accommodations were provided by a 
group of 10 bungalow tents. These were heated and lighted by electricity 
furnished by the company's new hydroelectric plant. Glacier Camp was favor- 
ably considered by the public, and the company now plans increasing the bunga- 
low tent equipment so that there will be 20 double bungalow tents at this 
location next year. The tent lunch pavilion, in use during the past season, 
is now being replaced by a neat structure, using weathered logs from the 
Silver Forest. 

The camp installed and operated by the company at Park Entrance consisted 
of a waiting room and lunch pavilion, also three double bungalow tents for 
use as sleeping quarters. This camp was installed to serve those who might 
be delayed at this point on account of independent automobile service operating 
to Park Entrance only. Changes in the plan of admitting independently 
operated automobiles to the park made the camp at Park Entrance unnecessary, 
and it was closed on August 7. 

The company's transportation service from Ashford and from point to point 
within the park employed six 12-passenger automobile stages and three 7- 
passenger touring cars. The service from Tacoma to points within the national 
park employed from four to six 7-passenger touring cars. 

To serve Paradise Inn, Glacier Camp, and its other developments later on the 
company has installed a 250-horsepower hydroelectric plant on Van Trump 
Creek at Christine Falls. This location is approximately 1 mile from Glacier 
Camp and 2i miles from Paradise Camp. The plant has been in operation 
since July 15 and has been giving satisfactory. service. 

National Park Inn. — The franchise to operate this hotel, located at Longmire 
Springs, is held in the name of the Tacoma Eastern Railroad and expires 
May 1, 1921. 



58 SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

The building is a 2i-story frame structure 125 feet long and 32 feet wide. 
There are 36 guest rooms in the main building, and .through the use of tents 
250 guests may be accommodated. There is in addition a very attractive club- 
house or assembly room built of pine logs. Water is taken from the Nisqually 
River for the operation of an electric light and refrigerating plant, which also 
supplies electric light to all Government buildings at T^ongmire Springs. 

INFORMATION BUREAU. 

. ( 

A bureau of information in charge of Prof. J. B. Flett, park ranger, was 
maintained at Longmire Springs for the purpose of keeping visitors informed 
in regard to points of interest in the park, assigning parties to the public 
camp grounds, etc. 

Prof. Flett's intimate knowledge of the flora, trees, and points of scenic 
interest in the park was a source of much interest. This information was 
sought by large numbers of visitors. 

CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK. 

Will G. Steel, Supervisor, Medford, Oreg. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

Crater Lake National Park was created by act of Congress, approved May 22, 
1902. and is located on the crest of the Cascade Mountains, in southern Oregon, 
about 60 miles from the California line. It is approximately 13i miles east and 
west and IS miles north and south, and contains 249 square miles, including 
the Avreck of Mount Mazama, at one time a giant among the mountains of the 
earth. Subsequently all that portion above 8,000 feet elevation disappeared — 
sank into the bowels of the earth, leaving a vast crater 5^ miles in diameter, 
which gradually filled with pure, crystal water to a depth of 2,000 feet, on all 
sides of which the walls of the caldron still tower to a height of from over 
500 to nearly 2,000 feet. 

It was first discovered by white men on June 12, 1853. There were 22 pros- 
pectors in the party, of whom the leader, Mr. John W. Hillman, then of Jack- 
sonville, Oreg., was the last survivor. Mr. Hillman died in Hope Villa, La., 
February 19, 1915, at the advanced age of 83 years. 

It was but little known, even among residents of southern Oregon, when the 
present supervisor. Will G. Steel, on August 16, 1885, started a movement for 
the creation of a national park, which was successful only after 17 years of 
strenuous labor. Then came a long struggle for development, which is just now 
beginning to bear fruit. Probably the first step in that direction consisted in 
stocking the lake with rainbow trout in 1888, when the supervisor carried a 
few minnows nearly 50 miles and got them into the waters of the lake in 
good shape. The fishing now is unsurpassed and the fish are of excellent 
quality. 

EOADS AND TRAILS. 

About 47 miles of excellent dirt roads have been constructed in the park 
under the direction of the Secretary of War, which consist of 8 miles from the 
Klamath, or southern entrance, to park headquarters; 7 miles from the Med- 
ford, or western entrance, to the same point ; 5 miles from park headquarters 
to the rim of the lake at Crater Lake Lodge ; 6 miles from the Pinnacles, or 
eastern entrance, to the rim of the lake at Kerr Notch ; and 22 miles from 
Cloud Cap, on the eastern side, to a point about li miles south of Llao Rock, 
to the west of the lake, thus leaving 12 miles to complete the circle of the lake, 
which latter it is hoped will be finished during the season of 1917, thus afford- 
ing one of the most wildly beautiful automobile drives in the world. These 
roads have had ample time to settle and it is now iH'oposed to pave them, which 
work should be completed in about three years. 

In addition to the foregoing a system of trails has been outlined that 
will appeal irresistibly to visitors who delight in wandering over the bluffs, 
through the forests, and into uncanny spots where goblins dance by night and 
shadows linger by day. Chief among these is one to be constructed to the 
summit of Mount Scott, on a grade that can subsequently be widened for auto- 
mobile use. When this is done one can ride in comfort to a point nearly 3,000 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 



59 



feet above the waters of the lake aud nearly 5,000 above the plains of eastern 
Oregon, over which the eye can wander, intoxicated with the glory of a view 
from the Columbia River region to the mountains of California. 




Map of Crater Lake National Park. 

In addition to the roads and trails of the park a road has been recently 
surveyed from Medford to the western entrance that will be constructed jointly 
by the General Government and the State of Oregon. The maximum grade of 
this road is 4 per cent, with 500-foot radius for curves. The cost is to be 



60 SUPEWXTEXDEKT OF NATIONAL PAKKS. 

$1,500,000, $700,000 of which is for grading ami $800,000 for paving. The work 
of construction will probably be completed in about five j'ears. 

An investigation has recently been completed by the State of Oregon as to 
the feasibility of constructing a road from a point on the northern boundary of 
the park to Lake Waldo, a distance of approximately 50 miles, along the crest 
of the Cascade Mountains, and no serious obstacles were encountered. 

WATER SYSTEM. 

No provision whatever has been made to supply the public with water on the 
rim of the lake. This is of the first necessity and should be done as soon as 
possible. The Crater Lake Co. has established a water sytem for its own use 
and is constantly importuned for water by camping visitors, who do not under- 
stand conditions and take it for granted that it is a public supply, so resent 
any limitation. At times the supply is barely sulficient for hotel purposes, 
and it is necessary to refuse these requests, in consequence of which friction 
occurs and the Crater Lake Co. is abused without cause. The management has 
been extremely obliging in the premises and has suffered many times because 
of its desire to serve the public in this matter. 

TELEPHONE SYSTEM. 

Telephone service within the park is good. Excellent service has been main- 
tained to Prospect, 30 miles distant, but beyond that point the service is un- 
satisfactory. It is extremely difficult to communicate with Medford from 
Prospect, in consequence of which practically all the outside business has been 
sent by way of Port Klamath and Klamath Falls, over which line we have had 
good service. For fire protection more lookout stations should be provided, 
for which purpose a few additional miles of line shoiild be constructed. 

TEANSPOKTATIOJS'. 

A line of automobile stages is maintained by the Crater Lake Co. from Med- 
ford, on the main line of the Southern Pacific Railway, and from Kirk, on the 
Crater Lake cut-off, 40 miles north of Klamath Falls, that has rendered emi- 
nently satisfactory service. Tickets between Portland and California points 
may be purchased at any Southern Pacific station and be made good via Crater 
Lake by a small additional payment. Private automobiles and vehicles will 
find good roads from eastern Oregon by way of the Pinnacles entrance, which 
was recently opened to the public. 

FISH AND GAME. 

There are no fish in any of the waters of the park except the lake itself and 
Annie Creek, below the falls. Crater Lake is abundantly supplied with a fine 
quality of rainbow trout, and one year ago 15,000 black spotted fry were placed 
in the lake that will soon be available. No fishing is permitted except with 
hook and line, and a limit of five in one day is maintained. The fish are large, 
and the flesh is firm. A few have been taken 28 inches long, weighing 6 or 7 
pounds. 

The park abounds in black and brown bear, black-tailed deer, cougar, lynx, 
timber wolves, coyotes, pine marten, fisher, and several varieties of squirrels. 
Ring-tail grouse, the common pheasant, Clark crow, and numerous varieties of 
birds are common to the country at large. 

FOKEST FIRES. 

There were a few forest fires in the park during the season, but they were 
all controlled, so that the damage was merely nominal. On one occasion there 
was a severe thunderstorm, immediately following which 14 forest fires were re- 
ported, 4 of them in the park, all started by lightning. 

DRIVING LOOSE STOCK THROUGH THE PARK. 

Six i^ermits were issued during the season for driving loose stock through the 
park. 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 



61 



VIglTOKS AND AUTOMOBrLES. 

The season of 1916 was remarkable for the fact that the opening was delayed 
more than a month by very heavy and late snows, and at the close of July the 
travel was only 50 per cent of the previous year. However, at the close of the 
season the record was broken, as shown by the following statement of the 
nr.mber of visitors and automobiles: 



Visitors in 1916 12,265 

Visitors in 1915 11,371 



Gain in 1916. 



894 



Automobiles in 1916 2, 649 

Automobiles in 1915 ; 2,244 



Gain in 1916- 



405 



This is deserving of special mention for the reason that in 1915 there were 
two world's fairs on the Pacific coast that greatly stimulated travel, causing the 
number of visitors that year to jump from 7,096 in 1914 to 11,371 in 1915, and 
automobiles from 1,062 in 1914 to 2,244 in 1915, a gain in one year of 4,275 
visitors and 1,182 automobiles. Under ordinary conditions it was not supposed 
that 1916 would equal 1915, but, under the most adverse conditions, it has been 
surpassed. The number of automobiles includes, in addition to those entering 
on regularly purchased tickets, those entering on complimentary tickets fur-^ 
nished to county. State, and Federal officials in the park on official business. 

WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK. 

T. W. Beazell, Supervisor, Wind Cave, via Hot Springs, S. Dak. 

GENEBAL STATEMENT. 

The act of, Congress approved January 9, 1903 (32 Stat., 765), made reserva- 
tion of a tract of land in South Dakota, comprising 10,.522 acres, to be known as 
the Wind Cave National Park. When this act was passed there were several 
tracts of patented lands within the boundary, all of which have since been ac- 
quired by the Government. 

The park is- almost square and is situated in a semimountainous region on the- 
southern slope of the Black Hills, in the southwestern corner of South Dakota, 
about 36 miles from the southern boundary and 24 miles from the Wyoming line. 

The altitude at headquarters is 4,030 feet and portions of the mountains west 
of the cave 4,700 feet. 

The park is in charge of a supervisor, the only employee on regular salary. 
During the summer months one or two park rangers are employed for guide and 
genei'al service. 

THE CAVE. 

The chief attraction is the cave, entrance to which is somewhat north of the 
center of the park and about 11 miles north of Hot Springs, the most accessible 
town of any importance. 

The main road through the park, comprising 6 miles, constitutes a portion of 
the Denver-Deadwood Highway, tlae Black Hills part of which is famed for 
its beautiful and varied scenery. This road is rapidly gaining the favor of the 
automobile traveling public, and a substantial increase of this class of traffic is^ 
quite noticeable this season. 

The Burlington and Chicago & Northwestern have regular service, with east 
and west connections, to Hot Springs, and a majority of the visitors to the park 
come from this town. 

Hot Springs is the post office and shipping point. 

The cave has been made accessible to the public by the working out of pas- 
sageways to admit of easy travel ; it has also been necessary to build sev- 
eral stairways, landings, railings, and bridges within the cave. The lower 
levels to which visitors are conducted are possibly 480 feet below the entrance, 
and the aggregate length of all routes now open to the public is approximately 
3 miles. > 

There is a spring and miniature lake in one place, and aside from this the 
cave is without moisture, except from condensation of a heavily laden air and 
seepage from surface here and there. In this way moisture gathers on the 
ceilings of some caverns and drops to the floors, causing wet spots, though in 
very few places. 

The various formations within the cave are most wonderful exhibitions of 
diversified beauty and the inimitable work of nature. 

The extent and number of the various crevices, cross passages, and chambers: 
which make up the cave no one knows and no one can intelligently guess,. 

65399—16 5 



62 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

though we do know that the part open to the public is a very small fraction in 
extent to that part which has been explored and not surveyed ; beyond this the 
wildest guess is admissible. 



For the year ended June 30, 1916, the total number of registered visitors 
to the cave was 2,815. Of these, 1,701 came during the three summer months — 
July and August, 1915, and June, 1916. During four weeks in July and 
August, 1915, it was impossible to travel by automobile on a few miles of the 
road to the north of the park, and the effect on the number of visitors to the 
park is quite apparent. 

Only those who go in the cave register, and it is estimated that approximately 
three people visit or go through the park for each one making the cave trip. 
For instance, 805 automobiles came to or through the park in July, 1916, and 
the number of visitors going through the cave was 987. Nearly all cars passing 
through the park stop for a little time, at least. From the above comparison 
or apportionment, it is estimated that the total number of visitors to the park 
for the fiscal year 1916 is approximately 9,000. 

It is the custom for authorized guide (or guides) to conduct visitors through 
the cave, and as a trip requires about three hours, but two trips each day 
are made. The established time of entrance is at 9 a. m. and 2 p. m. As a 
great many auto tourists do not know of the established time for cave trips, 
they can not manage to get here in the right time, and often do not wait 
for the trip, and can not be accommodated unless extra guides are available. 
The widest publicity should be given as to time of entrance to the cave, which 
would result in eliminating a great deal of disappointment, and a very sub- 
stantial increase in the number of visitors to the interior of the cave. 

Beginning June 1, 1916, the fee for entrance to the cave was reduced to 

25 cents per capita. All entrance fees are remitted ttf the department, the 
guides being on a salary basis. 

Many camping parties pass through the park, some with team and wagon, 
but vastly more by automobile ; no camping parties have stopped longer than 
one day in the park. 

Of the 1,974 visitors to the cave for the months of June, July, and the first 
15 days in August, this season, 52 per cent were from South Dakota ; Nebraska, 

26 per cent ; Iowa, 6 per cent ; Minnesota, 4 per cent ; Illinois, 3 per cent ; 
Wyoming, 2J per cent ; North Dakota, 2i per cent ; and most of the other States 
were represented by from 1 to 15 visitors. 

EOADS. 

The main park road, about 6 miles in extent, is in very fair condition for 
automobile travel, but calls for continuous attention to keep it so. The general 
direction of the road is north and south, though it deviates therefrom on 
account of buffalo fence and lay of land. 

The road is of soil interspersed with gravel and rock, and requires consid- 
erable work to maintain in good condition. Much work was done during the 
past year on tlie park road. The entire way was shaped, smoothed, and cleared 
of loose rock, grades reduced in many places, curves reduced or eliminated 
where practicable and repeatedly dragged. 

It is planned to some time have a permanent good road through the park, 
and with that end in view, each parcel of road built or repaired is, as far as 
possible, a direct contribution thereto. Until recently no provision for drainage 
of road has been made, but the work of installing culverts where necessary, 
and otherwise caring for drainage, is well started and will be pushed to com- 
pletion as funds are available. 

Diverging from the main park road at a point one-half mile south of head- 
quarters, there is what is called the Martin Valley and Buffalo Gap Road. 
This road is being used more now than heretofore, and promises to be quite 
extensively used in the future. The park part of this road is in fair condition, 
and with but little work by those interested a very good road from the park 
to Buffalo Gap would result. 



One log and plank bridge was installed near the north line of the park, 
crossing the Wind Cave Creek, and 3 culverts (of rock) have been built. 
Some rock has been hauled to sites for other culverts, 8 or 10 more of which 
should be built. 



Air Hole 
10 diam. 



65399—16. (1 



small fraction in 
; beyond this the 



egistered visitors 
iummer months — 
jlis in July and 
few wiles of tlie 
of visitors to the 

lat approximately 
ins the cave trip. 
n.Tuly, 1916, and 
ly all cars passing 
above comparison 
sitors to the park 

■t visitors through 
,'0 trips each clay 
md 2 p. m. As a 
me for cave trips, 
jften do not wait 
ides are available, 
to the cave, which 
, and a very sub- 
the cave, 
e was reduced to 
e department, the 

team and wagon, 
;opped longer than 

.Tuly, and the first 
Dakota ; Nebraslia, 
linois, 3 per cent; 
of the other States 



fair condition foi 
it so. The general 
iates therefrom on 

nd requires consid- 
as done during the 
loothed, and clearea 
need or ellminatea 

1 through the part, 
nnh-pd is. as far as 



Pearly Gates V- 




Turtle EassV 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 63 

WATER SUPPLY. 

The source of water supply is a spring about a half mile west of and 150 
feet higher than the park residence. An old pipe line serves to conduct the 
water from the spring to the recently installed supply or storage tank. This 
storage tank or reservoir has a capacity of 4.50 barrels, is built in the ground, 
of rock and cement, and is situated at an elevation of 70 feet above the park 
buildings. 

The water is conducted from reservoir by gravity through galvanized pipe 
to the various outlets in the yard and street, and a sanitary drinking fountain 
at the public building. The water system is in good condition and has given no 
trouble since installing, except that in warm weather the temperature of the 
water at the fountain gets a little too warm to be in the highest class as drink- 
ing water. This is due to the conductor pipe from spring to reservoir being not 
sufficiently deep, the water passing through being affected by surface tempera- 
ture. This should be remedied and the system extended to the barn. 

The old wooden supply tank, now unused, should be repaired to afford 
additional storage capacity. 

The capacity of the spring has remarkably increased since being allowed to run 
continuously, tests made at various times during the past 15 months indicating 
a minimum flow of 50 barrels in 24 hours and an average of 76 barrels a day. 
The water is excellently pure. 



There is a running stream which skirts the northern boundary, meandering 
on and off the park. This stream is suitable for trout propagation and steps 
nave been taken to have it stocked. 

BIEDS. 

More than 60 varieties of birds are found here at some time of the year, and 
all, more particularly those classed as game birds, are noticeably tamer than 
they are outside of the park. Many kinds of birds stay the year round, but 
most of them are migratory. 

The bobwhite, yellow-legged prairie chicken, and pin-tailed grouse are present 
within the park, and are increasing. 

The prairie chicken and grouse are of a migratory trend, and at times leave 
the park ; many of these do not return. Though it seems impossible to identify 
individual birds, it is thought that some prairie chickens stay here all the time. 

There are not so many broods of grouse and prairie chickens this season as 
last, but the broods are larger. None have been observed with less than 12 
birds. 

PEEDATOBY ANIMALS, 

Coyotes and bobcats (lynx) are common and an occasional gray wolf is seen. 
The combined efforts of forest service, game preserve, park management, and 
settlers have tended to materially reduce the number of predatory animals in 
this vicinity the past year. 

SMALLEB ANIMALS. 

Weasel, mink, skunk, and porcupine are found here; the first two are rare, 
the latter numerous. The weasel, mink, and coyote are a menace to bird life, 
though the magpie, a most beautiful bird itself, is the most destructive of all 
to bird life and should be exterminated. 

NATIONAL GAME PRESERVE. 

A national game preserve has been established in the Wind Cave National 
Park under the provisions of *' an act making appropriations for the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913," approved August 
10, 1912 (37 Stat, 293), as follows: 

" For the establishment of a national game preserve, to be known as the Wind 
Cave National Game Preserve, upon the land embraced within the boundaries 
of the Wind Cave National Park, in the State of South Dakota, for a permanent 
national range for a herd of buffalo to be presented to the United States by the 



64 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

American Bison Society, and for sucti other native American game animals as 
may be placed therein, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to acquire, 
by purchase or condemnation, such adjacent lands as may be necessary for the 
purpose of assuring an adequate, permanent water supply, to inclose the game 
preserve with a good and substantial fence, and to erect thereon all necessary 
sheds and buildings for the proper care and maintenance of the said animals, 
$26,000 to be available until expended." 

The establishment on this preserve of herds of bison, elk, and antelope has 
resulted in an added interest, by the public in the park. It is particularly 
adapted to this purpose and the animals are doing well. The inclosure is about 
the western portion of the park and creates a pasture of nearly 4,000 acres. 

WILD ANIMALS. 

As a natural game preserve there is but one animal, the whitetail deer, that 
has come under the protection of the park. These are present in small numbers 
throughout the year, with more in the autumn season on account of the hunting 
to the northward, which drives them to the park for refuge. 

PERMITS FOB TRANSPORTATION BY AUTOMOBILE. 

For the year, January 1, 1916, to December 31, 1916, nine permits for trans- 
portation of passengers by automobile were issued. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

Finishing of supervisor's residence upstairs, and installing bath. 
Cement crossing in street, and curb at public building. 

Shed and yard built at barn, for convenience of visitors who come horseback 
or with team, and for use as catch pen when inspecting stock brands. 
Building to easy grade and surfacing with gravel 1 mile of road. 
New building over entrance to the cave, of rock, with cement floor. 
The erection of a shelter for cars while parties are in the cave. 

PLATT NATIONAL PARK. 

R. A. Sneed, Supervisor, Sulphur, Okla. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

By the acts of Congress of July 1, 1902 (32 Stat., 641), and April 21, 1904 
(33 Stat, 220), 629.33 and 218.98 acres, respectively, at the town of Sulphur, 
Okla. (then Indian Territory), were segregated as the Sulphur Springs Reser- 
vation, which designation, by joint resolution approved June 29, 1906, was 
changed to Piatt National Park. 

The park, with a total area of 848.22 acres, extends in irregular form a 
distance of approximately 3 miles from northeast to southwest along Traver- 
tine Creek, including a portion of Rock Creek, into which the Travertine 
empties, and it has a circuit of 9 miles. 

There are within the part a number of known mineral and three nonmineral 
springs. The principal groups of these springs are the Bromide and Medicine 
Springs, in the extreme western portion of the park; the Beach, Pavilion, and 
Hillside Springs, in the north-central portion of the park; and the Bromide. 
Black-Sulphur, and Wilson Springs, in the south-central part of the park. 
Sulphur springs predominate. 

The Antelope and Buffalo Springs, nonmineral in character, are situated 
at the extreme northeastern end of the park, with an elevation of 1,080 feet 
above sea level at the Antelope Spring and 1,078 feet at the Buffalo. They 
have an approximate discharge of 5/)00,000 gallons daily into Travertine 
Creek, and are the source of this beautiful creek. A number of other springs 
in the bed of the creek add to the volume of water which glides down this 
stream and forms its pretty waterfalls. 

The Medicine Spring was discovered within the last few years, and while 
it has been confined, it is still subject to overflows by Rock Creek, and the 
matter of its proper improvement will very likely be taken up during the 
present fiscal year. 




j Robbers x^-, --o'lO^ 
I Roost cn'FP 1 

4^ —cj ; 

! ^ 



96 "59' 



TRAVEL GUIDE MAP 

OF THE 

PLATT NATIONAL PARK 

MURRAY COUNTY, OKLAHOMA 

SCALE 



After Topographic Map of Flatt National Park 
by U.S. Geological Survey 



L.L. POATES CO., N.Y. 



65399—16. To face page (64.) 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 65 



The summer months constitute the season for visitors to this park, although 
the climate is such as to make it an admirable resort the year around. There 
fire very few dnys during the sunnner when a cool breeze is not stirring, and 
the winter months are as a rule very mild, while the spring and fall seasons 
are the most delightful and beautiful of the entire year. During the present 
summer of 1916 there have been more visitors here than for a numlier of 
years past, and I estimate that during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, 
there were at least 30,000 visitors to the park. 

There were registered in the park office during the fiscal year 547 persons 
who came into the park and camped for three days or more. 

As shown by the records of the watchman at the Bromide Spring, the 
visitors there during the year .lust ended numbered 100,337. This total is 
made up from day to day of visitors and resident citizens who make frequent 
trips to the springs, and does not represent as many individuals. 

There were 154 orders issued during the year from this office, on physician's 
prescriptions, for the shipment of the Bromide Spring and Medicine Spring 
waters in 5-gallon quantities to persons outside of the city. These shipments 
were made to points in Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Illinois, Missouri, Minnesota, 
and Nebraska. A total of 7,829 gallons of Bi'omide Spring water was shipped 
and 2,205 gallons of Medicine Spring water. During the year a total of 
58,090 gallons of these waters (including the water shipped) were taken from 
the springs. Out of this. total 42,762 gallons were from Bromide Spring and 
15,328 gallons from Medicine. Spring. This record shows an increased demand 
for these waters over the records of last year, and only five days of the 
record for January, 1916, is included in these figures for the reason that the 
Jlood of January 21, 1916, washed the keeper's records down the stream, and 
both of these springs were out of commission from that date until the morning 
of January 26. During a part of the season for visitors no orders were 
issued for the shipment of these waters for the reason that the supply was 
not equal to the demand made upon it by visitors here. 



Between 12 o'clock (midnight) and 1 o'clock a. m. of January 21, 1916, the 
greatest overflow of Travertine and Rock Creeks ever known to the oldest citi- 
zen of this community completely devastated that part of the park which lies 
along the banks of these streams. This necessarily greatly damaged the Trav- 
ertine Road, which follows the meanders of the Travertine Creek, and the new 
Bromide Road, which runs along the banks of Rock Creek. It also completely 
destroyed the Bromide Bridge and damaged the Washington and Lincoln 
Bridges. The high waters also destroyed 6,500 feet of fencing which had just 
been completed and damaged about 2,000 feet of other fencing. At the Bromide 
Spring, where the water rose about 9 feet higher than ever recorded, the Bro- 
mide pavilion ^Yas practically destroyed, and the residence of the keeper was 
torn from its foundation and washed down the stream, lodging between two 
large oaks, which wrenched and tore the house until it was utterly unfit to 
attempt further repairs. 

Other minor damage occurred, and debris from the town was brought dflwn 
the streams and lodged in the tree tops and along the creek banks in quantities. 
This consisted of old quilts, wearing apparel, broken trunks, matting, parts of 
houses, old trees ; and tons of hay hung from the tree tops like moss. 

The damages done by this flood have been the cause of a great deal of incon- 
venience in the administration of this park during the present season, especially 
because of the fact that there are a greater number of visitors here this year 
than at any previous season for the past eight years, and the absence of the 
Bromide Bridge and the lack of conveniences at the spring during the con- 
struction of the new pavilion have been great handicaps at this location. 

Appropriation for repairs to storm damages. — The deficiency act of March 31, 
1916, carried an appropriation of $10,000 for repairs to bridges, roads, buildings, 
etc., in this park necessitated by damages resulting from storm of January 21, 
1916. 

EOADS. 

Allotments were made from the regular annual appropriation of $1,099.97 for 
repairs and maintenance of park roads, and with these allotments all the roads 
in the park were kept in good repair, and a new road leading south to Wilson 



66 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

Spring from its intersection with Buckhorn Road was graded to a 5-inch crown 
and graveled witli the park native gravel. This road is 1,750 feet in length 
and extends to the southwest boundary of the park. One large culvert near 
the Wilson Spring was constructed. 

The Bromide Lane has been graded and constant attention given to the 
proper maintenance of the Buckhorn and Travertine Roads and to the new 
road leading to the Bromide along the bank of Rock Creek. Repairs were also 
made to the " Y " road which leads up from Travertine Creek into the town 
of Sulphur, and the Sulphur-Bromide Lane has been repaired and graveled 
and all of the creek fords repaired. 

After the flood of January 21, 1916, it was necessary to completely rebuild 
a part of the new road to Bromide Spring along Rock Creek and to make exten- 
sive repairs to the remainder of this road. The same was true of the Traver- 
tine Road, although the damages to this road were not so great. In all, 1,400 
linear feet of road were rebuilt in the park and 6,800 feet repaired. The road 
repaired consisted of parts of the new Bromide and the Travertine Roads, the 
Buckhorn and Wilson Roads, and the Bromide and Sulphur-Bromide Lanes. 



The flood completely washed out a short trail leading from Lincoln Bridge to 
the entrance to the park at the foot of Fourth Street west, and this trail was 
completely rebuilt and regraveled. It also washed out a great part of the Cliff- 
side Trail, which had to be regraveled for a distance of 900 feet and new bridges 
put in across ravines. These small footbridges were made of lumber. 



The northeast wing wall of the Washington Bridge was replaced. It was 
built of rock and cement, 32 feet long by 8 feet high and 30 inches thick. The 
northeast and northwest wings of the Lincoln Bridge were replaced and rip- 
rapped, and the graveled floor to the bridge, which had been washed out at the 
north end, was filled in with new gravel. These damages were the result of 
the flood, and repairs were made from the deficiency appropriation. 

Under date of June 26. 1916, formal contract was entered into between the 
department and the Illinois Steel Bridge Co., of Jacksonville, 111., for the con- 
struction of a steel-truss bridge, including concrete piers and abutments, super- 
structure, flooring, electric-lighting fixtures, and all appurtenances, for the total 
sum of $4,353. This bridge is to replace the wire suspension bridge at the 
Bromide Springs, which was destroyed by the flood, and its dimensions, as indi- 
cated by the plans, are to be 120 feet in length by 10 feet in width, outside 
measurements. 

Thirty-six new benches were built to replace benches which had been washed 
down the stream in the flood of January 21, 1916, and these were placed at 
various points. A few of the benches which were washed away were returned 
to the park by farmers who reside down the stream below the park. 

During the present summer one of the most popular amusements which the 
visitors have indulged in has been swimming in Travertine Creek in several 
deep pools below various falls. 

RECOMMENDATIONS. 

The following recommendations for maintenance and improvement of this 
park are submitted for the fiscal year which will end June 30, 1918 : 

There are now about 7 miles of roads in the park, and these require con- 
stant repairs to keep them in good shape. The trails are in the same class, 
and it is frequently necessary to mend them and to repair small bridges and 
culverts along these and the roads. 

The Beach Springs (three in number), located just north of the Coney Island 
Ford, are submerged with every flood stage of Rock Creek. The waters of 
these springs are preferred by many visitors to the park, and they should be 
improved and a pavilion erected over them. The proposed improvements at 
these springs consist of a large inverted funnel-shaped inclosure, confining the 
three springs so as to make a combined flow of the three springs from one out- 
let, the funnel to be constructed of galvanized iron, over which a cement cover- 
ing should be laid, the approximate measurement of the inclosure to be 600 
feet. Surrounding this inclosure to the springs proper should be built a 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 67 

square inclosure to prevent overflow of these springs by the creek. This second 
inclosure should be about 6 feet high at the creek edge and should bed back 
into the hill, the depth of the side walls gradually decreasing as the hill 
rises, but the top of the wall remaining level with the wall along the creek 
edge, the approximate measurement of this entire wall being 540 square feet. 

On the bottom of the outer inclosure should be laid a cement floor, rising 
with the hill in a succession of 4-foot steps with 6-inch risers, the approximate 
surface feet of this floor measuring about 720 feet. 

On the top of the outer inclosure to this group of springs, supported by 
conglomerate columns, should be erected a pavilion, size 24 feet by 30 feet by 9 
feet, with pagoda roof with a small dog house on the top, supporting a flag- 
pole. The probable cost of labor on this entire improvement, including the 
pavilion, would be about $410, with a total cost of $1,000. 

The most popular swimming pool, " Sylvan Cove," at a location near the 
Panther Falls, is a naturally deep hole, but there are large, sharp rocks in 
the bottom Avhich should be i-emoved in order to make it an ideal place for 
swimming, and if a cement dam could be built just below this pool and a 
slight excavation made at the lower end where the water is shallow, it would 
increase the size of the pool to about 20 by 300 feet by 2 to 6 feet deep. The 
upper end of this pool is a natural ledge of travertine rock whicli forms a 
beautiful waterfall, and just above this fall is a more shallow pool which could 
be used by inexperienced swimmecs and children. 

This location is the most accessible on the creek to visitors who are lodging 
in the city of Sulphur, or who are camped in the park camping grounds, by 
reason of its nearness ; and during the present summer there have been but 
few hours during' each day when this pool has not been filled with people to 
its capacity. Further up the creek at Bear Falls and just above Cold Springs 
are other pools which have been used extensively, but at both of these places 
there are cold-water springs coming up in the bed of the creek, which makes 
the water too cold except for experienced swimmers. 

It is estimated that the cost of the entire work of building the dam below 
" Sylvan Cove " at the downstream end of the pool, removing the sharp rocks, 
and making the necessary excavations in the pool will not exceed .$2-50 — the 
dam to be 6 feet deep, 4 feet thick, by 20 feet in length. The probable cost of 
the labor in building the dam and doing the other work necessary would be 
about $120, while the cement and other material would likely cost as luuch 
as $130. 

Around the East and West Central Parks, and around the park at Bromide 
Springs, there should be constructed a 2-raiI iron fence of l^-inch pipe with 2- 
inch posts set in cement, with ornamental conglomerate rock gate posts 
at the entrances — the whole cost not to exceed $1,500. This character of 
fencing around these parks is desirable for the reason that these parks are 
near the city of Sulphur and are much frequented by visitors to the park, and 
the old method of fencing with wire fencing, especially for these portions of 
this pai-k, is not in keeping with what might be expected of a national park. 
Without fences of some kind around these parks, it is impossible to keep 
campers from stopping over night in them, or for a noon meal, and leaving 
them littered up. 

SULLYS HILL PARK. 

Charles M. Ziebach, Acting Supervisor, Fort Totten, N. Dak. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

This reservation, set aside by Executive proclamation dated June 2, 1904, 
under the act approved April 27' 1904 (33 Stat., 319), contains about 780 acres. 
It is located on the south shore of Devils Lake, N. Dak., having about 2 
miles of shore line, with its western boundary 1 mile east of the Fort Totten 
Indian School. Inasmuch as no appropriation has been made for the care 
and protection of this reservation, Mr. Cliarles M. Ziebach, in charge of the 
Indian industrial school (Fort Totten), has been continued as acting super- 
visor, and required to exercise the necessary supervision and control over the 
park until appropriacion is made therefor by Congress. 

There are two ways in which the public may reach the park — by wagon 
road around the south shore of Devils Lake and into the eastern or M'estern 
side of the park, or by launch across Devils Lake, to the north side of the park. 



68 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK. 
Thomas Rickner, Supervisor, Mancos, Colo. 

gp:neral statement. 

The park was established by the act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat., 616). It is 
situated in the extreme southwestern portion of Colorado, in Montezuma County, 
and embraces an area of 66.2 square miles, or 42,376 acres, but by the act of 
Congress approved June 30, 1913, the Ijoundaries of the park were so changed 
as to include an aggregate area of 76.51 square miles, or 48,966.4 acres. 

The park is under the direct control of the Secretary of the Interior, who 
is empowered by law to prescribe rules and regulations for its government. 

CHARACTEB OF THE COUNTRY. 

Mesa Verde is a high table-land dividing the Mancos and Montezuma Valleys. 
This mesa is elevated above the valleys some 2,000 feet, and rises abruptly from 
their floors, with precipitous sides, like the walls of a canyon. The northern 
extremity of this great mesa terminates in Point Lookout, which juts out 
between the two valleys, a landmark for miles in all directions. The surface 
of this table-land is broken by innumerable canyons, which start from the very 
edge of the mesa on the northern and western sides, and, growing deeper and 
more rugged as they descend, finally open out into the Mancos Canyon. These 
canyons have many great caverns in their side walls, with the overhanging rock 
for roofs, and in these caverns are found the ruins of the clifi: dwellings. The 
principal ruins are found in Navajo, Cliff, Soda, Long, and Rock Canyons, 
though there are hundreds of lesser ruins in all the canyons in the park. 
Spruce Tree House is in Spruce Canyon, a branch of Navajo ; Clifl: Palace is in 
Cliff Canyon ; Balcony House is in Soda ; Peabody House and Inaccessible are 
in Navajo ; Long House is in Rock Canyon ; and a recently discovered ruin is 
in Long. These ruined houses, or villages, are found in the recesses of the 
canyon walls and, protected from the weather, are remarkably well preserved. 
Some of them are small, with only a few rooms, while others are large and must 
have accommodated a large population. The ruins found on the mesas, without 
the protection of the overhanging cliffs, have not withstood the ravages of time 
and are now but mounds of stone and earth. 

Park Point, near the northern boundary of the park, is the highest point, 
with an altitude of 8,574 feet. 

At a point in Long Canyon, just below the ruin known as Spring House, has 
recently been brought to notice a natural bridge, spanning the small gulch 
that runs down from under Spring House. The bridge is some 90 feet in sp'an, 
and about 25 feet high to the bottom of the arch. To reach this natural bridge 
one has to go over a rough country and do a good deal of climbing, but the 
. bridge is there and is proving to be of much interest to tourists. 

CUSTODIANSHIP. 

The custody of the park is delegated by the Secretary of the Interior to a 
supervisor, whose office is maintained at Mancos, Colo., the nearest railroad' 
point to the park. The supervisor is assisted by a limited number of rangers, 
whose duty it is to act as guides .through the ruins and to police the park. 

The best of order has been maintained within the park, and the ruins have 
been protected from vandalism ; in fact, no attempts have been made to evade 
the rules and regulations. 

STOCK. 

It has been the custom for the department to lease the grazing lands to 
owners of patented lands within the park, and at present there are three 
leases or permits for the grazing of 1,335 head of cattle. The lessees are 
required to assist in maintaining order and to guard against fires within the 
park. 

ROADS AND TRAILS. 

All the roads in the park have been worked and kept in shape for automobile 
travel. The road under Point Lookout has given rather more trouble than 
usual owing to heavy rains. These wash down earth and stone and often 
great bowlders that greatly damage the roadbed and require the use of giant 




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— . 1° V ^Pictoaraph Pi. V H) '■ 




RAILROAD LINES LEADING TO 
MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK 



TRAVEL-GUIDE MAP 

OF THE 

MESA VERDE NATIONAL PARK 

MONTEZUMA COUNTY, COLORADO 

SCALE OF MILES 



L Ji 1 8 

After Topographic Sheet of AdminlatratlTe Map of 

MesaTerde National Park by U.S. Geological Survey 



1916 



LEGEIND 

|j CUfe Dwellings 
o Pueblo Type 



108° 20' 




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^0 U T H E R |v|',' ;.l 



SUPEKINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 69 

powder to remove them. The roads from Spruce Tree Camp to the various 
ruins have been very much improved and now take place with the good roads 
of the park. 

WATEB SUPPLY. 

The water supply varies very little from year to year, as most of the 
water in the park is derived from springs and wells. The spring at Spruce 
Tree House holds out at all times and has thus far furnished all the water 
required, though with building and the increased number of tourists the demand 
has been much greater than usual. 



From July 1, 1915, to July 1, 1916, the number of tourists registering at 
Spruce Tree Camp was 1,170, almost double the number of those of the year 
before. The opening of the road from Denver to this section has brought 
many automobile parties from the East, and as the road, which now is new 
and rough, becomes better a great many parties from eastern points will make 
this trip. The scenery through which the road runs is the finest in the State, 
and the ride through Mesa Verde Park is unequaled. 



During the summer of 1915 Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, of Washington, uncovered a ruin on the mesa between two branches of 
Cliff Canyon, 3 miles from Spruce Tree Camp, and heretofore known as 
Fewkes Mound. He found a type of building new to this park and one show- 
ing advanced ideas in building. The ruin is now one of the most interesting 
to strangers in the park, and during the fiscal year 1917 Dr. Fewkes will 
uncover another mound near Mummy Lake. Dr. Fewkes's report on his last 
year's work, " Excavation and Repair of Sun Temple," may now be purchased 
from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, for 15 cents. 

GAME. 

Game is increasing with every "year, and there are many deer now making 
their home in the park for the entire year. Mountain lions, too, are on the 
increase, and several pairs are known to live within or near the park. These 
animals should be killed off, for they keep the deer from increasing as they 
would otherwise do. 

AUTOMOBILES. 

Automobiles are now the most employed, though the horse still makes the 
trip, and some parties still go in on horseback, following the more romantic 
trails instead of the road. 

MINES. 

George S. Todd operates the only mine in operation on Mesa Verde, but his 
workings have bfeen, for the entire year, on the land of the Southern Ute 
Indians. 

LANDS. 

There are 720 acres of patented lands within the park, and these lands 
should be acquired by the Government at as early a date as possible, especially 
the four claims that lie on the mesa, in the heart of the park — the two Prater 
claims, the Armstrong claim, and the Waters claim. 

EECOMMENDATION S. 

The department can not be too strongly urged to authorize the construction 
of a new road ascending the mesa. The present road is cut out of a smooth 
hill of shale with overhanging rocks, and every rain, even a shower, brings 
down into the road dirt and rock, making it a constant expense to keep the 
road in good condition, and, above all, is at all times dangerous. At times 
great rocks come down into the road and carry away the roadbed or ar6 left 
to be removed by blasting. Thus far no traveler has been caught on the hill 
in time of danger, but it is always possible. The proposed road would ascend 
the mesa on the other side of Point Lookout, traversing a country on which It 



70 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

a heavy growth of scrub oak, pinyop, and juniper, with no overhanging rocks 
to endanger the traveler. The view is equally as fine as on the other side, and 
the distance is no greater. 

GLACIER NATIONAL PARK. 

S. F. Ralston, Supervisor, Belton, Mont. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

The Glacier National Park was established by the act of Congress approved 
May 11, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 354), and is located in northwestern Montana. It 
embraces over 1,400 square miles of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent terri- 
tory, extending north from tlie main line of the Great Northern Railway to 
the Canadian border. The eastern boundary is the Blackfeet Indian Reserva- 
tion, and the western boundary is formed by the Flathead River. The park, 
which is irregular in shape, has an area of approximately 915,000 acres. It« 
greatest length in a northwesterly-southeasterly direction is about 60 miles 
with a maximum width approaching 40 miles. 

Within its borclers are attractions for the scientist, nature lover, and tourist 
unsurpassed in any country in the world, tourists of world-wide experience 
pronouncing it the Switzerland of America. The elevations in the park range 
from 3,100 feet to over 10,400 feet. The central portion of the area on the 
northwestern-southeastern axis is high and rugged and in sharp comparison 
with the open iDlains of the east and the valley of the Flathead River on the 
west. Within its confines are 60 active glaciers, these ice sheets being the 
sources of beautiful cascades and roaring mountain streams flowing into in- 
numerable clear placid lakes for which the park is famed, the most noted of 
these being Lake McDonald, Lake St. Mary, Lake Ellen Wilson, Iceberg Lake, 
Red Eagle Lake, Kintla Lake, Bowman Lake, Waterton Lake, Logging Lake, 
Quartz Lake, Harrison Lake, and Two Medicine Lake. 

Lake McDonald, the southern end of which is situated 2^ miles from Belton, 
a station on the main line of the Great Northern Railway, is one of the most 
beautiful lakes in America.^ It is about 3,150 feet above sea level, nearly 10 
miles long, 2 miles wide, and surrounded by mountains covered with virgin 
forests of western larch, cedar, white pine, Douglas fir, spruce, and hemlock. 
Upper Lake St. Mary is on the eastern side of the mountains about 32 miles 
northwest of Glacier Park station. It is about 10 miles long, with a maximum 
width of 1 mile, and toward the upper end the mountains rise in rugged walls 
not far from the water's edge. Its elevation is about 4,470 feet above sea 
level. The principal glaciers In the park are Blackfoot, Grinnell, Harrison, 
Pumpelly, Red Eagle, Sperry, Kintla, Agassiz, Chaney, Rainbow, and Carter. 
In most of the lakes of the park there is excellent fishing at certain times of 
the year, and at others many streams afCord fine sport with hook and line. 
Within tlie park boundaries there are many varieties of game which are 
indigenous to this section of the country, such as bear, elk, moose, deer, big- 
horn sheep, mountain goat, mountain lion, as well as the smaller furred animals, 
of the forest. 

VISITORS. 

From June 1, 1916, to October 1, 1916, there were 12,839 visitors registered 
at the two main entrances to the park. Glacier Park, and Belton. It is esti- 
mated conservatively that 1,000 people entered the park at points where there 
are no stations and failed to register, making a total of 12,839 visitors. 

Visitors by different entrances. 

Belton, western 'entrance 5, 941 

Glacier Park entrance l 6, 898 



There are now approximately S3 miles of road within the park boundaries 
available for vehicle transportation, and approximately 50 miles outside the 
boundaries but under park supervision, including the Blackfeet Road from 
Glacier Park station to the park line. 26 miles ; the St. Mary-Babb Road, from 
near park line at St. Marys through the Blackfeet Indian Reservation to the 
park line near camp 5, 16 miles ; the Cut Bank Road, which extends from the 
main automobile highway, or Blackfeet Road, to the park line, 4 miles ; and 
Tavo Medicine Road, from main automobile highway to park line, 4 miles. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 71 

St. Mary-Bahh Road. — During the year this road was repaired by removing 
slides, installing 18 new culverts, and graveling 640 yards. The road has a 
minimum width of 14 feet and a maximum of 20 feet. 

Blackfeet Road. — This road was repaired during the season its entire dis- 
tance. Thirty new culverts were installed for drainage purposes. The road 
for a distance of 8 miles was widened to a minimum of 12 feet and a maximum 
of 16 feet, and for a distance of 6 miles it w^as widened to a minimum of 10 feet 
and a maximum of 16 feet. There has been placed upon the road 10,680 yards 
of gravel. 

Cut Bank Road. — This road was improved by cleaning out drain ditches, 
installing two new culverts, and riinning grader over it to smooth it up. 

Tivo Medicine Road. — Two new culverts were installed and the road was 
dragged. Three hundred and twenty yards of gravel were used for filling in 
soft spots in the road. 

TiDo Medicine Road within park boundary. — Two miles of this road has been 
rebuilt, cleared through timber to an average width of 35 feet, and graded to 
an average width of 16 feet. Four miles of the old road was repaired by drag- 
ging and filling in soft spots with gravel. 

Many Glacier Higlncay. — This road was repaired by removing slides, instal- 
ling 17 new culverts, and spreading 10,668 yards of gravel on the road. 

Divide Creek Road. — Eleven new culverts were installed, 287 yards of gravel 
were placed upon the road, drain ditches opened up, slides removed, and 2^ 
miles of the road recrowned. 

Belton-Lake McDonald Road. — Distance, 3 miles. The road was repaired by 
removing fallen timber and slides, filling in ruts, and dragging the road to keep 
it in repair. 

Fish Creek Road. — Distance, 1.9 miles. This road was cleared of fallen tim- 
ber, rock and earth slides were removed, and the road was repaired. 

Flathead River Road. — Distance, 48 miles. Fallen timber was removed from 
this road from Lake McDonald to the Canadian line. Eight new culverts were 
installed, and rocks and stumps removed from the road for a distance of 5 miles. 

Fish Creek-McOee Meadow Road. — Length, 25,080 feet. The right of way of 
the road was cleared through the timber to an average width of 35 feet, "and 
graded to an average of 14 feet. 

Lake McDonald Road. — Timber was cut and refuse burned over the right of 
way for a distance of 8,700 feet, and the stumps removed and burned for a dis- 
tance of 2,700 feet ; after which work was suspended. 

TRAILS. 

All old trails were cleaned of fallen timber and kept in repair during the 
summer months. The following new trails were built : 

Grinnell Glacier Trail. — Two miles 1,870 feet completed. Cleared to an 
average width of 10 feet ; graded to an average of 4 feet. 

New Trail from Lake McDonald to Granite Park. — Approximately 7 miles of 
this trail has been completed, cleared to an average width of 10 feet, and graded 
to an average width of 31 feet. Bridges across streams and corduroy over wet 
ground were made 6 feet in width. 

Neio Sperry Glacier Trail. — One and one-half miles completed. Graded to 
an average width of 4 feet. One thousand two hundred feet of trail is through 
rockwork, balance is sidehill graded over slide rock and shale. 

Triple Divide Trail. — Between Triple Divide and Red Eagle Lake. Seven and 
one-half miles cleared of timber to an average width of 10 feet, graded to an 
average width of 3i- feet. 

Appekunny Basin Trail. — This trail was cleared to an average width of 10 
feet, and graded an average width of 3* feet. 

Snyder Lake Trail. — This was built from Crystal Ford to Snyder Lake, a 
distance of Si miles. Right of way was cleared to an average width of 10 
feet, and graded to an average width of 3* feet. 

Baring Basin Trail. — Four miles cleared of timber to an average width of 10 
feet, graded to an average width of 3J feet. 

Little St. Marys Trail. — From Glacier Hotel to Little St. Marys Lake, a dis- 
tance of 7 miles. Trail was cleared to an average width of 8 feet, graded to 
an average width of 3 feet. 

BRIDGES. 

Two Medicine. — A new bridge was built over Two Medicine River to replace 
old one which was washed out by high water. It is 95 feet long with a roadway 
16 feet wide. 



72 SUPEEIISrTENDElSrT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

Divide Creek Bridge. — A new bridge was built over Divide Creek to replace 
the old one washed out by high water. It is 75 feet long with a roadway 16 
feet wide. 

Quarts Creek Bridge. — The old bridge across Quartz Creek was carried .away 
by high water in June and was replaced by a new bridge 78 feet long and 12 
feet wide. 

Bridges on Fish Creek-McGee Meadoio Road. — There were seven bridges built 
on the Fish Creek-McGee Meadow Road, all 16 feet wide and of the following 
lengths : Bridge No. 1, 183 feet ; No. 2, 165 feet ; No. 3, 12,feet ; No. 4, 28 feet ; 
No. 5, 50 feet ; No. 6, 68 feet ; No. 7, 20 feet. 

FISH. 

One hundred and forty-two cans of fish were distributed in the lakes and 
streams of Glacier National Park during the past season. A large supply will 
be received during the month of October. 



Owing to the extreme cold weather and the unusually heavy snowfall during 
the past winter, there was some loss among the deer in the valley of the 
Flathead. In other sections of the park deer and all other game wintered in 
fairly good condition. 

Deer. — There are both blacktail and whitetail deer in Glacier Park. The 
latest conservative estimates place their numbers at 11,000. 

Elk. — Elk are found over almost all sections of the park, but the largest 
herds range around Park, Ole, Coal, and Nyack Creeks. A conservative esti- 
mate places their number at 900. 

Moose. — It is estimated that there are 100 moose in the park, most of which 
are found in the valley of the Flathead River. 

Sheep and goats. — Bighorn sheep and Rocky Mountain goats are found prin- 
cipally in the higher altitudes along the main range and along the eastern 
slope of the Rockies. The country over which they roam is extremely rough, 
making it very difficult to estimate their numbers, but from the latest and most 
reliable information available the estimate of the sheep in the park is placed 
at 1,500 and of the goats 1,200. 

Bear. — There are three varieties abounding in considerable numbers through- 
out the park — the grizzly, the brown or cinnamon, and the common black bear! 
In many instances they become troublesome by going into construction camps 
and taking camp supplies. 

Predatory animals. — There are a few wolves in the park, mostly found east 
of the main range of the Rockies. Coyotes abound in large numbers through- 
out the park. They are the principal menace to animal life in the park. During 
the heavy snows of the past winter they killed a great many deer. Their num- 
bers have been depleted to some extent by the regular park ranger force and 
many have been killed by settlers in the park. The method of extermination 
has been principally by the use of strychnine, although some are caught in 
traps. There are a few mountain lions in the park, but their number is so 
small that the damage done by them to the game is very slight. 

Fur-hearing animals. — Large numbers of mink, lynx, weasel, and martin are 
found throughout the wooded sections of the park. They are very destructive to 
bird life. Large numbers of beaver are to be found in almost every stream in 
the park. 

Wild fowls and Urds. — Grouse of the blue, ruffed, and pin-tailed varieties are 
found in the park. There are a few ptarmigan along the main range. Many 
ducks and geese nest around the lakes and along the streams. Many varieties 
of small birds are found. 

Game protection. — Park rangers have afforded as much protection to the 
game as was possible over such a large area. There was one arrest during the 
year for game poaching. The person was taken before the United States com- 
missioner, where he pleaded guilty, paid his fine, and was discharged. 

EECOMMENDATIONS. 

In this report I wish especially to call your attention to the importance of 
good roads, and in order that they may be dependable, it is necessary that they 
be surfaced either with native gravel or crushed rock. The unusually wet 
weather which has prevailed here the past two seasons has made this apparent. 
The graveling which was done on the Many Glacier Highway during the fall 
of 1915 and spring of 1916 put this road in first-class condition, and it was 









n 



L.L.P0ATE8 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS, 73 

absolutely dependable dui-ing tlie entire season. Portions of the St. Mary-Babb 
and Divide Creek roads were graveled, which has greatly improved them. There 
are still long stretches on these two roads which shoiild be surfaced with 
gravel in order to make them dependable in all kinds of weather. The road 
from Glacier Park station to the park line, known as the Blackfeet Road, was 
taken over by the department in June, since which time it has been under the 
supervision of the park and has been greatly improved by graveling 4 miles 
of the worst sections of the road, widening and draining it, but much yet remains 
to be accomplished. A liberal appropriation should be allowed for its mainte- 
nance and improvement. 

In recommending the building of the road from the foot to head of Lake 
McDonald, I again wish to call your attention to the fact that this road, when 
built, will be the first link in a road connecting the east and west sides of the 
park. It matters not which of the various passes the road goes over in ci'ossing 
the mountains from east to west, the only practicable route in approaching 
any of the available passes from the west is by way of Lake McDonald. 

The telephone system of the park deserves careful consideration. The system 
which is conducted by the hotel company does not in any way connect with the 
system owned by the Government on the west side of the park. It is very impor- 
tant that a first-class telephone system be maintained throughout the park. 

ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK. 

C. R. Trowbridge, Acting Supervisor, Estes Park, Colo. ; succeeded by L. C. Way, 
Chief Ranger in charge, September 19, 1916. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

The Rocky Mountain National Park was created by the act of January 25, 
1915 (Public, 238, Sixty-third Congress). The park is located in northern 
Colorado and embraces an area 25 miles in length in a northerly and southerly 
direction, with a maximum width of 17 miles, covering in all 358^ square miles. 
It is accessible for automobiles at four different points, and numerous trails 
lead to the various places of interest within its boundaries, the most central 
points of entrance being on the eastern slope from the village of Estes Park, 
and on the western from the village of Grand Lake. 

The village of Estes Park, distant approximately 7^ miles from the main 
entrance to the national park, is 22 miles from Lyons, Colo., 33 miles from 
Loveland, and 42 miles from Fort Collins, the three nearest railroad points, 
and is connected by automobile stage lines making scheduled trips. There are 
also automobile stage lines running direct from Denver, Boulder, and Greeley 
to Estes Park. This region, under the present schedule of railroads and auto- 
. mobiles, is only four hours distant from Denver. From the village of Estes 
Park many picturesque roads and trails extend toward the park boundaries, 
most of them entering the national park. 

During the winter of 1915-16 the administrative office was located in the 
Federal Building in Denver, but is now located in the village of Estes Park. If 
the bill for the proposed extension of the national park becomes a law and the 
park boundaries are extended to closer proximity to the village of Estes Park, 
an office and residence for the supervisor should be constructed by the depart- 
ment within the boundaries of the park. 

KOADS. 

Fall River Road. — The Pall River Road, which is now under construction by 
the State of Colorado, extends into the park a distance of approximately 7 
miles, and work is now in progress under a contract made by the State highway 
commissicn for the further construction of 2 miles, which the contractor 
expects to complete in the fall of 1916. 

According to a survey of this road completed in July, 1916, by surveyors of 
the Geological Survey, there still remains to be constructed 16.13 miles to a 
point where the proposed road will join the county road from Grand Lake, in 
section 13, township 5 north, range 75 west, distant approximately 10 miles 
from Grand Lake. 

That part of the road now completed is in fairly good condition for a moun- 
tain road when the small amount expended for maintenance is taken into 
consideration. The 3 miles of road constructed in 1915 should be dragged and 
surfaced in many places. During the spring thaws there were a number of 
" washouts " which destroyed stone embankments and the roadbed at different 



74 SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 

points. Under verbal instructions of May 20, 1916, from tlie Superintendent 
of National Parks that this was considered a State road until completed and 
that no park funds were to be expended for maintenance, authority was obtained 
from the State highway commissioner to employ laborers at the expense of the 
State to place this road in proper condition for the traffic of 1916. 

In order to properly maintain this road for travel, two men and a team should 
be employed during the months of June, July, and August, and I doubt that the 
State authorities will take this necessary action. 

That part of the road constructed in 1914, and known as the " Convict Road," 
is entirely too narrow, and in order to prevent accidents should be widened in 
a great many places. During May and June, 1916, 26 corrugated iron culverts 
were placed on this section of the road, and gutters opened to connect with 
them, expense paid from the park appropriation. 

Grand Lake Comity Road. — The roadway running north from Grand Lake 
and which will eventually connect with the present Fall River Road, has not 
been extended this year, no work having been done by Grand County on this 
road since 1915. 

Road to Sprague's. — The road to Sprague's resort on Glacier Creek, entering 
the park from the Young Men's Christian Association conference grounds, is 
now in good condition, considerable work having been done in June, 1916, from 
the park appropriation. 

Bear Lake Road: — What is now known as the Bear Lake Road, commencing 
at a point on the Sprague Road in section 1, township 4 north, range 73 west, 
was reconstructed in July and August for a distance of 1.3 miles to a point in 
section 12, township 4 north, range 73 west, at the junction of the Bierstadt 
Lake Trail. This road crosses Glacier Creek, over which a bridge was con- 
structed, and there has been considerable automobile traffic since it was com- 
pleted in August. At a comparatively small outlay of money this road can be 
extended to within one-half mile of Bear Lake, and eventually to Loch Vale. 
This will provide rapid and easy transportation by a new and scenic route for a 
great number of tourists who would not undergo the hardship of a horseback 
trip. 

Copeland Lake Road. — This road enters the park in section 22, township 3 
north, range 73 west, a short distance west of Copeland Lake, following for a 
distance of approximately IJ miles the North St. Vrain Creek. A small amount 
of work was done on this road this season, making it passable for automobiles. 
This road should be extended whenever funds are available, and thereby open 
up a part of the wildest section in the park, commonly known as " Wild 
Basin." 

Sand Beach Lake Road. — This road enters the park approximately a half 
mile north of the Copeland Lake Road, and runs parallel to it for a distance of 
approximately 3^ miles to Sand Beach Lake. The greater part of this road is 
nothing more or less, at this time, than a trail, no work having been done on it 
for several years. The property owners in the locality of Aliens Park desire 
that this road be opened up, and are anxious to contribute their share on that 
part which lies outside the park boundary. 

Mill Creek Road. — This road runs parallel to Mill Creek, and extends approxi- 
mately a half mile into the park to the Mill Creek ranger station. The road 
is in poor condition, and unless it is made passable for automobiles outside the 
park, I do not believe it advisable to make any expenditures on that part which 
is within the boundaries. In entering the park over this road it is necessary 
to pass over several tracts of private property. Most of the traffic at this point 
consists of hauling firewood by the inhabitants of Estes Park. 

Beaver Creek Road. — This road commences at the highest point of the " High 
Drive " in Horseshoe Park, and enters the national park in section 19, township 
5 north, range 74 west, and extends for a distance of approximately li miles, 
some parts of which pass over private land. It is in fair condition, but unsuit- 
able for automobiles at the present time. 



The most interesting and scenic parts of this park can be reached by trail 
only, the majority of which are in good condition. New trails have been con- 
structed since the park was created. Commencing June 1, most of the existing 
trails were cleaned of fallen timber and kept in repair during the summer. 
Considerable work was done on Flat Top Trail, extending from Grand Lake 
to Mill Creek ranger station, a distance of approximately 18 miles. Small 
bridges and culverts were constructed where necessary and on the summit of 




. FOATES CO, 



65399—16. (To face page 74.) 



SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 75 

Flat Top Mountain, extending about 4 miles, a line of cairns was constructed, 
numbering 163. These cairns average 5 feet in height, the tips of which are 
painted white and black in order that they may be distinguished under all con- 
ditions. 

CATTLE GBAZING. 

Under instructions of the department no permits are issued for cattle grazing 
in the park, but straggling cattle have crossed the boundary on both the eastern 
and western slopes and caused considerable damage to roads and trails. 

Only one permit was issued during the year for the transporting of cattle 
over park lauds. 

VISITORS. 

There were more visitors in this region than ever before in one season, and 
during the months of July and August the hotels were filled and for several 
weeks tourists were turned away owing to the lack of accommodations. The 
different hostelries are now arranging to enlarge, in order to handle the antici- 
pated increased patronage nest season. The threatened railroad strike in the 
early part of September prevented a great many from visiting the park and 
had a tendency to shorten the stay of those that were there ; otherwise the 
tourist business for September would have been as heavy as that of the previous 
two months. 

It is impossible to report the total number of persons entering the park, but a 
conservative estimate would place the number of visitors in Estes Park and 
vicinity on the eastern slope and Grand Lake on the western slope at 70,000. 
Over two-thirds of this number entered the national park, or, in round numbers, 
51,000. 

TIMBER CUTTING. 

No permits are issued for the cutting of timber, except " dead and down " 
timber in different localities, which have been burned over in past years, and 
on the right of way of the Fall River Road. 

Timber for firewood is given free to residents of Estes Park and vicinity for 
their own use with the understanding that they volunteer their services when 
necessary to suppress forest fires. These permits are issued for timber located 
in the " Pole Patch," near Mill Creek ranger station. Residents near Grand 
Lake are allowed firewood under the same conditions, to be obtained in sec- 
tion 18, township 3 north, range 75 west. 

FOREST FIRES. 

On October 31, 1915, a large fire occurred in section 14, township 5 north, 
range 74 west, covering an area of approximately 325 acres, a part of which 
was on private land. The fire originated in a pile of sawdust on the site of a 
dismantled sawmill. With the assistance of volunteers from the village of 
Estes Park and vicinity, the fire was suppressed after burning two days. Dur- 
ing the summer of 1916, owing to the scarcity of rainfall, the park area was 
exceedingly dry and the danger from fire was extreme, but fortunately none 
occurred within the park. A number of fires occurred just outside the bound- 
aries, but proper action was taken to prevent their spreading. During the past 
year 11 fire-tool boxes; fully equipped, have been installed in different parts of 
the park. There are at present 18 fire-tool stations — 13 on the eastern slope and 
5 on the western slope. 

EMPLOYEES. 

There are at present employed one chief ranger and four other rangers. 
Also one temporary clerk-stenographer, whose term of service expires October 
15, 1916. 

GAME. 

There is no evidence of the slaughter of game during the past year in the 
park, a strict vigilance having been kept during the winter months for hunters 
and trappers. Mountain sheep are plentiful and no doubt increasing, and have 
been seen more frequently by tourists than in former years. It is now possible 
to approach them quite closely, and one instance is known where an automobile 
came within 30 feet of a group which did not disturb them. One ranger re- 
ports seeing 182 in one group near Specimen Mountain. 

Firearms are not allowed in the park and a notice to this effect is posted at 
all entrances. 



APPENDIX A. 



Statement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various 
national parhs, and expenditures made therefrom under supervision of the 
department, during the fiscal years 1906-1916, inclusive. 





Appropriations, 


Revenues. 


Name of the national park. 


Appro- 
priated. 


Expended, 


Received, 


Ex- 
pended. 




20,165,00 
28,090,00 
34,475.00 
36, 540. 00 
36, 060. 00 
182,518.00 
35, 279, 16 




Hot Springs Reservation: 

1907 






19,938.41 


1908 






21,115.56 


1909 '. 






19, 699. 27 


1910 






28,401.97 


1911 


1 2,935,00 


2, 935. 00 


56,375.33 




I 

( 




3,267.96 


1912 


{ 




2 42,957.18 

3 29, 438. 25 




I 

( 




40,711.00 


1913 > 







2 34,581.57 
" 1,273.70 




1: 




< 1,287.90 
38,380.00 
37,877,66 
37,926.32 


1914 






6 36, 658. 62 


1915 






36,941.95 


1916 






40,261.14 


1917 




















2,935.00 


2,935,00 


429,310,04 


370,910.91 


Yellowstone: 

1907 .. 


7, 500, 00 
8,000,00 
15 8,000,00 
'2,500,00 
8,000,00 
8,500,00 
8, 500, 00 
8,500,00 
8, 500, 00 
8, 500, 00 
8, 500. 00 
8, .500, 00 


7,498,64' 
7,999.40 
7, 997. 44 
1,962,53 
7, 999. 71 
8,499,96 
8, 500, 00 
8,500,00 
8,500,00 
8,500,00 
8, 491. 41 


1,838,96 
4,699,65 
4, 790. 20 

5,110.05 
23,420.13 
16,476.38 
21,980.10 
15, 439. 23 
20,307.40 
46, 628. 49 


3,647.04 


1908 


4, 228. 37 


1909 . . 


3,661.47 


1910 . 


3,359.80 


1911 . 


7,998.47 


1912 . 


8, 103. 41 


1913 


6, 449. 97 




13,843.24 


1915 


12,884.18 




26,350.96 


1917 














93, 500, 00 


84,449.09 


160,690.59 


90,526.91 


Sequoia: 

1907 


10, 000. 00 
15,550,00 
15,550,00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,550.00 
15,5.50.00 
/ 22,300.00 
\8 50, 000. 00 


9,919.82 
15,333.50 
15,373.96 
15,514.19 
15,543.34 
15,549.20 
15,549.52 
15,549.27 
15,549.65 
15,549.75 

1 


159.50 

43.15 

46.57 

121.78 

255.65 

305. 16 

353.85 

• 4,094.21 

1,975.03 

5,169.86 






18. 9r 


1909 




1910 




1911 


31.25 




48,25 


1913 


70.81 


1914 


83.94 


1915 


3, 498. 23 


1916 


4,740.75 


1917 






i 








222,250,00 


149,4.32.20 


12,524.76 


8,492.20 


Yosemite: 


5,750,00 
30,000,00 
30,000,00 
30,000,00 
62,000,00 
9 12,000,00 
50, 000, 00 
80,000,00 


5,705,24 
29, 508. 58 
29,969.86 
29,983.82 
62,000.00 
9 11,646,37 
49,999,68 
80,000,00 


9,193,04 
14,390,06 
15,851,17 
21,373,18 
35,765,48 

23. 855. 77 
19,493.83 


1,000.00 


1908 


7,131.37 




5,024.84 


1910 


34,486.09 




19,050.39 


1912 


35,970.68 


1913 


16,431.16 



1 Proceeds from sale of Government lots (lot fund). 

2 Expenditure from lot fund. -i. • 

3 Includes 81,272.71 expended in making survey and preparation of plans, etc., for sewer system, city oi 
Hot Springs. 

< Contributed by city of Hot Springs on account sewer system; S14.20 returned to city. 

6 Includes 99 cents expended on account of survey sewer system. 

6 Administration and protection. 

' Marking unmonumented portions of park boundaries. 

s For purchase of private holdings. 

9 Appropriation, without year, for examination of water supply for city of San Francisco. 

76 



SUPERINTEN^DENT OF XATIOXAl. PARKS. 
APPENDIX A— Contiimed. 



77 



statement of appropriations made for, and revenues reeeived from, the various 
national txirks, and expenditures made tlierefrom under supervision of the 
department, during the fiseal years 1906-1916, inelusive — Continued. 





Appropriations. 


Revenues. 


Name of the national park. 


Appro- 
priated. 


Expended. 


Received. 


Ex- 
pended. 


Vosemite— Continued. 
1914 


$125 000 00 


$121, 798. 49 
99. 235. 22 
74,992.54 


S23, 406. 14 
37. 019, 20 
49,878.42 


S9,903.58 
40, 699. 30 
52,961.53 


1915 


100,000.00 

75,000.00 

250,000.00 


1916. 


1917 












599,750.00 


597,839.80 


250,228.29 


222,658.94 


General Grant: 

1907 


2,000.00 
2,000.00 
, 2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000 00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 
2,000.00 


1,988.75 
1,914.76 
1,999 93 
1,999.90 
1,999 89 
1,998.60 
1,939 20 
2, 000. 00 
2,000.00 
19,99.36 






1908 


63.75 




1909 




1910 


50.00 
210.64 
173.54 
158.68 
4?9 64 
560. 89 
1,795.50 




19U 


18.88 

. 99 

503'. 01 

1.59 

355 68 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915. 


1916 


481 46 


1907 














22,000.00 


19,900.39 


3,442 64 


1,361.01 


Mount Rainier: 

1907 


12,500.00 

3,000.00 

3,000.00 

3,000.00 

3,000.00 

5, 400. 00 

20,000.00 

23,400.00 

51,000.00 

30,000.00 

30,000.00 


2, 407. 91 

2,965.59 

2,961.61 

3j000.00 

2,998.90 

5,399.99 

19,9'^9.70 

23,347.05 

50,907.79 

29,999.77 


205. 22 

170. 00 

1, 104. 79 

9,053.79 

7,748.48 

5,370.36 

7, 301. 62 

9,040.10 

12,893.29 

19,317.99 




1908 


8.96 
27 65 


1909 


1910 


2,763.86 
5,342.47 
9,363.33 
6,791.80 
6,039.42 
5,513.46 
15,026.08 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 J 












174,300.00 


143,978.31 


72,205.64 


50,877.03 


Crater Lake : 

1907 


3,000.00 
7,315.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
3,000.00 
7,540.00 
8,040.00 
8,000.00 
8,000.00 


2,989.75 
7,314.65 
2,999.21 
2,999 97 
2,999 77 
2,998.75 
2,978.41 
7, 48:3. 61 
7,884.59 
7, 835. 25 


10.00 


n 


1908 


1909 


15.00 

11.00 

30.00 

323.00 

784. 18 

793.00 

1,359.50 

2,402.04 




1910 




1911 




1912 




1913 




1914 




1915 




1916 




1917 














56,895.00 


48,483.96 


5,727.72 








Wind Cave: , 

1907 


4, 400. 00 
2,500.00 
2, 500. 00 
2, 500. 00 
2,500.00 
2,500.00 
375.00 
2, 500. 00 
2,500.00 
2, .500. 00 
2,500.00 


4,3P8.08 
2, 433. .54 
2,335.37 
2, 500. 00 
2,413.60 
2, 499. 86 
132. 50 
2,500.00 
2, 496. 97 
2,463.51 






1P08 


200.00 
4.50.00 
523. 25 
340.00 
675. 00 
528.26 
246. 17 
2,342.90 
2,590.89 




1909 


220 80 
62.88 
562. 26 
278. 56 
1,197.39 
366. 72 
606. 16 
981.57 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


1917 












27,275.00 


24,173.43 


7,896.47 


4,276.34 



1 No appropriation made for Mount Rainier prior to 1907 fiscal vear. 

2 Expenditure of revanues of Cratsr Lake and Mesa Verde Parks for park purposes therein not author- 
ized by existing statutes enacted by Congress. 



65399—16- 



-6 



78 



SUPEKINTEIs'DENT OF ISTATIONAL PARKS. 



APPENDIX A— Continued. 

titatement of appropriations made for, and revenues received from, the various 
national parks, and expenditures made therefrom under supervision of the 
department, during the fiscal years 1906-1916, inclusive — Continued. 





x\ppropriations. 


Revenues. 


Name of the national park. 


Appro- 
priated. 


Expended. 


Received. 


Ex- 
pended. 


Piatt: 

1907 


(') 




178.00 

7,021.00 

272. 00 

164.50 

422. 75 
165. 50 

49.95 

2 17,500.00 

282. 81 

241. 76 
301.11 


7,082.25 
10,552.26 
15,764.27 
11,734.74 
779 06 


1908 ... . .... 




1909 






1910 






1911 


.5,000.00 

10, 000. 00 

/ 8,000.00 

\ 217, 500. 00 

8,000.00 

8,000.00 

18,000.00 

8,000 


4,994.64 
9,999.34 
7,999.95 
210,120.73 
7,988.55 
8,000.00 
17,060.49 


1912 


219. 84 


1913 


100. 11 


1914 


2 10,119.06 
67 48 


1915 


178 87 


1916 (deficiency, 810,000) 


44.35 


1917 














82, 500. 00 


66, 163. 70 


26,599.38 


56,624.29 


Mesa Verde: 

1907-8 


7,500.00 

7,500.00 

7,500.00 

2, 000. 00 

20,000.00 

7, .500. 00 

15,000.00 

10,000.00 

10, 000. 00 

10, 000. 00 

10,000.00 


7, 455. 82 

7,348.33 

7,443.09 

947. 75 

19,808.63 
-,.351.54 

14,956.91 
<>,880.30 

■•9,786.05 
9,643.47 




(=) 


1909 




1910 




1910-11 (for examination of coal lands in park) 

1911 






100.00 
898. 92 
615.21 
679.00 
637. 42 
946.38 




1912 




1913 




1914 




1915 




1916 




1917 














107,000.00 


94,621.89 


3,876.93 




Glacier: 

1911 


15,000.00 
69,200.00 
75,000.00 

100,000.00 
75, 000. 00 
75,000.00 

110,000.00 


14,998.59 
69,117.64 
74, 568. 24 
99,999.49 
74,994.27 
74,963.78 


326. 88 
1,490.94 
4,677.14 
4,010.71 
4, 218. 51 
10,011.76 




1912 ; 




1913 ; 


428. 84 


1914 ; 


477. 07 


1915 


9,735.44 


1916 


844. 58 


1917.. 














519, 200. 00 


418, 642. 31 


24,735.94 


11,485.93 


Rocky Mountain: 
1915 


3,000.00 
8,000.00 
10,000.00 


2, 910. 80 
7,941.56 




(6) 


1916 


501.93 


















21,000.00 


10,852.36 


501.93 




Protection of Nat. Monument: 

1917. ... 


3,500.00 
















Improvement of Mukimtuweap Nat. Monument, Utah: 
1917 ... 


15,000.00 

















1 No appropriation for Piatt Park prior to 1911 fiscal year. Land prior to creation of park included in 
Sulphur Sprines Reservation. 

2 Coistruetion sanitary sewer, like amount being contributed by the city of Sulphur, Okla.; ?7,380.94 
reti rned to city. 

3 Exp^n.liture of revenues of Crater Lake and Mesa Verde Parks for park purposes therein not author- 
ized by existing statutes enacted by Congress. 

* S '2"). 30 on contract account construction ranger cabin included in this amoimt and not yet paid. 
s Evpenditure of revenues from Rocky Mountain Park not authorized bv existing statutes for park 
purposes therein. 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PAEKS. 

APPENDIX A— Continued. 

Visitors to national parks, 1909 to 1916. 



79 



Name of park. 


1909 


1910 


1911 


1912 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


Hot Springs Reservation 

Yellowstone National Park. . 
Casa Grande Ruin 


(«) 
32, 545 

854 

13, 182 

798 

5,968 

4,171 

3,216 

25,000 

190 

165 


120,000 
19,575 

2.407 

13; 619 

1,178 

8,000 

6,000 

3,387 

125,000 

190 

250 


130,000 

23,054 

1450 

3,114 

12,530 

2,160 

10,306 

14,500 

3,887 

30,000 

1200 

206 

14,000 


135,000 

22,970 

1450 

2,923 

10,884 

2,240 

8,946 

5,235 

3,199 

131,000 

1200 

230 

6,257 


1135,000 

24,929 

1450 

3,823 

13,735 

2,756 

13,501 

6.253 

3,988 

135,000 

300 

280 

12, 138 


1125,000 

20,250 

1500 

4,667 

15,145 

3,735 

15,038 

7,096 

3,592 

130,000 

500 

502 

14, 168 


1115,000 

51, 895 

500 

7,647 

33,452 

10,523 

35, 166 

11,371 

2,817 

■20,000 

1,000 

663 

14,265 

131,000 


118,740 

35,849 

1 909 


Sequoia National Park 

Yosemite National Park 

General Grant National Park. 
Mount Rainier National Park. 
Crater Lake National Park. . . 
Wind Cave National Park . . . 
Piatt National Park 


10, 780 
33,390 
15,360 
23,989 
12,265 
9,000 
130 000 


SuUys Hill National Park 

Mesa Verde National Park . . . 
Glacier National Park 


11,500 
1,385 
12 839 


Rocky Mountain National 
Park 






151 000 


Hawaii 














(^5 
(2) 


Lassen Peak 
































Total 


86,089 


198,606 


224,407 


229,534 


252, 153 


240,193 


335,299 


358.006 





1 Estimate. 



2 No record kept. 



Receipts collected from aiitomoMles and motorcycles admitted into the national 
parks during the period from Nov. 17, 1915, to Oct. 10, 1916. 



- 


Number of permits 
issued. 


Receipts. 


Name of national park, and fee charged. 


Automo- 
biles. 


Motor- 
cycles. 


Automo- 
biles. 


Motor- 
cycles. 


Total au- 
tomobiles 
and mo- 
torcycles. 


Yellowstone: 

105 season permits at SIO, 3,238 single trip at $7.50. 


3,343 




$25,335.00 
42.87 






Deduction of transmission fees 








729 


1 
4 






25,292.13 

1,588.00 
5.75 


$25,292.13 


Sequoia: 

130 season permits at $3, 599 single trip at $2, 4 
motorcycles at S2 


$8.00 


Deduction of transmission fees 






3,913 








1,582.25 

19,576.00 
59.07 


1,590.25 


Yosemite: 

52 in Mariposa Grove at SI, 73 season permits at 
$8, 3,788 single trip at $5 




Deduction of transmission fees 








1,714 


39 






19,516.93 

929.00 
3.62 


19,516.93 


General Grant: 

8 permits in 1915 at $1, 34 season permits at S2.50, 
1,672 single trip at 50 cents, 39 motorcycles at 
50 cents 


19.50 


Deduction of transmission fees 






2,903 


97 






925.38 

12,809.00 
38.81 


944.88 


Mount Rainier: 

1 single trip at S5, 1,984 single trip at S4, 790 season 
permits at $6, 128 rent cars at U, 97 motorcycles 
at$l 


97.00 




Deduction of transmission fees 






1,749 


26 






12, 770. 19 

3,707.00 
1.38 


12, 867. 19 


Crater Lake: 

209 .season permits at S3, 1,540 single trip at S2, 26 
motorcycles at SI 


26.00 




Deduction of transmission fees 














3.705.62 


3,731.62 



80 



SUPERINTENDENT OP NATIONAL PARKS. 
APPENDIX A— Continued. 



Receipts collected from automoMles and motorcycles admitted into the national 
parks during the period from Nov. 11, 1915, to Oct. 10, 1916 — Continued. 





Number of permits 
issued. 


Receipts. 


Name of national park and fee charged. 


Automo- 
biles. 


Motor- 
cycles. 


Automo- 
biles. 


Motor- 
cycles. 


Automo- 
biles and 
motor- 
cycles. 


Mesa Verde: 

2 season permits at S2, 176 single trip at 50 cents, 


178 


2 


$92.00 
.80 


$1.00 










447 


11 






91.20 

270.00 
.47 


$92.20 


Glacier: 

31 season permits at $2, 416 single trip at 50 cents, 


5.50 


















269.53 


275. 03 








Total 


14,976 


179 


64,153.23 


157.00 


64,310.23 







APPENDIX B. 

[PtJBMc — No, 235 — 64th Congees s,] 
[H. R. 15522.] 

An act to establish a National Park Service, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby created in the Depart- 
ment of the Intex'ior a service to be called the National Park Service, which 
shall be under the charge of a director, who shall be appointed by the Secretary 
and who shall receive a salary of $4,500 per annum. There shall also be ap- 
pointed by the Secretary the following assistants and other employees at the 
salaries designated : One assistant director, at $2,500 per annum ; one chief 
clerk, at $2,000 per annum ; one di'aftsman, at $1,800 per annum ;' one messenger, 
at $600 per annum ; and, in addition thereto, such other employees as the 
Secretary of the Interior shall deem necessary : Provided, That not more than 
$8,100 annually shall be expended for salaries of experts, assistants, and em- 
ployees within the District of Columbia not herein specifically enumerated 
unless previously authorized by law. The service thus established shall promote 
and regulate the use of the Federal areas known as national parks, monuments, 
and reservations hereinafter specified by such means and measures as conform 
to the fundamental purpose of the said parks, monuments, and reservations, 
which purpose is to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects 
and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such 
manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment 
of future generations. 

Sec. 2. That the director shall, under the direction of the Secretary of the 
Interior, have the supervision, management, and control of the several national 
parks and national monuments which are now under the jurisdiction of the 
Department of the Interior, and of the Hot Springs Reservation- in the State 
of Arkansas, and of such other national parks and reservations of like character 
as may be hereafter created by Congress : Provided, That in the supervision, 
management, and control of national monuments contiguous to national forests 
the Secretary of Agriculture may cooperate with said National Park Service to 
such extent as may be requested by the Secretary of the Interior. 

Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior shall make and publish such rules 
and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the use and manage- 
ment of the parks, monuments, and reservations under the jurisdiction of the 
National Park Service, and any violations of any of the rules and regulations 
authorized by this Act shall be punished as provided for in section fifty of the 
Act entitled "An Act to codify and amend the penal laws of the United States," 
approved March fourth, nineteen hundred and nine, as amended by section sis 
of the Act of June twenty-fifth, nineteen hundred and ten ( Thirty -sixth United 
States Statutes at Large, page eight hundred and fifty-seven). He may also, 
upon terms and conditions to be fixed by him, sell or dispose of timber in those 
cases where in his judgment the cutting of such timber is required in order 
to control the attacks of insects or diseases or otherwise conserve the scenery 
or the natural or historic objects in any such park, monument, or reservation. 
He may also provide in his discretion for the destruction of such animals and 
of such plant life as may be detrimental to the use of any of said parks, monu- 
ments, or reservations. He may also grant privileges, leases, and permits for 
the use of land for the accommodation of visitors in the various parks, monu- 
ments, or other reservations herein provided for, but for periods not exceeding 
twenty years; and no natural curiosities, wonders, or objects of interest shall 
be leased, rented, or granted to anyone on such terms as to interfere with free 
access to them by the public: Provided, however, That the Secretary of the 
Interior may, under such rules and regulations and on such terms as he may 
prescribe, grant the privilege to graze live stock within any national park, 

81 



82 SUPEEINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

monument, or reservation herein referred to when in his judgment such use Is 
not detrimental to the primary purpose for which such park, monument, or 
reservation was created, except that this provision shall not apply to the 
Yellowstone National Park. 

Sec. 4. That nothing in this Act contained shall affect or modify the pro- 
visions of the Act approved February fifteenth, nineteen hundred and one, 
entitled "An Act relating to rights of way through certain parks, reservations, 
and other public lands." 

Approved, August 25, 1916. 



APPENDIX C. 

[Public — No 171 — 64th Congkess.] 

[H. R. 9525.] 

An act to establish a national park in the Territory of Hawaii. 

Be it enacted "by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States 
of America in Congress assembled, That the tracts of land on the island of 
Hawaii and on the island of Maui, in the Territory of Hawaii, hereinafter de- 
scribed, shall be perpetually dedicated and set ai)art as a public park or pleasure 
ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the United States, to be 
known as Hawaii National Park. Said tracts of land are described ^s follows : 

First. All that tract of land comprising portions of the lands of Kapapala 
and Keauhou, in the district of Kau, and Kahaualea, Panaunui, and Apua, in the 
_ district of Puna, on the island of Hawaii, containing approximately thirty-five 
thousand eight hundred and sixty-five acres, bounded as follows : Beginning at a 
point on the west edge of the Keamoku Aa Flow (lava flow of eighteen hundred 
and twenty-three), from which point the true azimuth and distance to Govern- 
ment survey trigonometrical station Ohaikea is one hundred and sixty-six de- 
grees twenty minutes, six thousand three hundred and fifty feet, and running 
by true azimuths : ( First ) Along the west edge of the Keamoku lava flow in a 
northeasterly and northwesterly direction, the direct azimuth and distance 
being one hundred and ninety-eight degrees ten minutes, fourteen thousand 
seven hundred feet; (second) two hundred and fifty-six degrees, eleven thousand 
four hundred feet, more or less, across the land of Kapapala and Keauhou to a 
marked point on the Humuula trail; (third) three hundred and twenty-eight 
degrees fifteen minutes, eight thousand seven hundred and twenty-five feet 
across the land of Keauhou to the top of the fault north of the Kau road ; 
(fourth) along the fault in a northeasterly direction, the direction azimuth and 
distance being two hundred and fifty-one degrees and thirty minutes, four 
thousand three hundred and thirty feet; (fifth) two hundred and forty-five 
degrees, six thousand feet, to a point near the southwest boundary of the land 
of Olaa ; ( sixth ) three hundred and thirty-seven degrees ten minutes, eight 
thousand six hundred and fifty feet, more or less, to the junction of the Hilo 
and Keauhou roads; (seventh) three hundred and thirty-three degrees and 
twenty minutes, three thousand three hundred feet, more or less, to the south- 
west corner of the land of Keaau; (eighth) three hundred and thirty-two de- 
grees and ten minutes, seven thousand feet, along the land of Kahaualea ; 
(ninth) two hundred and eighty-one degrees, thirty thousand three hundred and 
seventy-five feet, more or less, across the land of Kahaualea, passing through 
the north corner of the land of Panaunui, to the north corner of the land of 
Laeapuki; (tenth) thirty-one degrees thirty minutes, thirteen thousand two 
hundred feet, more or less, along the land of Laeapuki and across 'the land of 
Panaunui; (eleventh) eighty-nine degrees and ten minutes, thirty-two thousand 
nine hundred feet, more or less, across the land of Panaunui, Apua, and 
Keauhou to Palilele-o-Kalihipaa," the boundary point of the Keauhou- 
Kapapala boundary; (twelfth) fifty-one degrees and thirty minutes, five thou- 
sand and five hundred feet, across the land of Kapapala ; (thirteenth) one hun- 
dred and two degrees and fifty minutes, nineteen thousand one hundred and fifty 
feet, across the land of Kapapala to a small cone about one thousand five 
hundred feet southwest of Puu Koae trigonometrical station; (fourteenth) one 
hundred and sixty-sis degrees twenty minutes, twenty-one thousand feet, across 
the land of Kapapala to the point of beginning. 

Second. All that tract of land comprising portions of the lands of Kapapala 
and Kahuku, in the district of Kau, island of Hawaii ; Keauhou second, in the 
district of North Kona ; and Kaohe, in the district of Hamakua, containing 
seventeen thousand nine hundred and twenty acres, bounded as follows: Be- 
ginning at Pohaku Hanalei of Humuula, a small cone on the brow of Mauna 

83 



84 SUPEEINTENDE]SrT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 

Loa, and at the common boundary points of the lands of Humuula, Kapapala, 
and Kaohe, from which the true azimuth and distance to Government survey 
trigonometrical station Omaokoili is one hundred and ninety-five degrees twelve 
minutes eighteen seconds, seventy-eight thousand two hundred and eighty-six 
feet, and running by true azimuths: First, two hundred and ninety-eight de- 
grees, five thousand two hundred and forty feet; second, twenty-eight degrees, 
thirty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty feet; third, one hundred and 
eighteen degrees, twenty-one thousand one hundred and twenty feet; fourth, 
two hundred and eight degrees, thirty-six thousand nine hundred and sixty 
feet; fifth, two hundred and ninety-eight degrees, fifteen thousand eight hun- 
dred and eighty feet, to the point of beginning. 

Third. A strip of land of sufficient width for a road to connect the two tracts 
of land on the island of Hawaii above described, the width and location of 
which strip shall be determined by the Secretary of the Interior. 

Fourth. All that tract of land comprising portions of the lands of Honuaiila 
and Kula, in the district of Makawao, and Kipahulu, Kaupo, and Kahikinui, 
in the district of Hana, on the island of Maui, containing approximately twenty- 
one thousand one hundred and fifty acres, bounded as follows: Beginning at 
a point called Kolekole, on the summit near the most western point of the rim 
of the crater of Haleakala, and running by approximate azimuths and dis- 
tances : First, hundred and ninety-three degrees forty-five minutes nineteen 
thousand three hundred and fifty feet along the west slope of the crater of 
Haleakala to a point called Puu-o-Ili ; second, two hundred and sixty-eight de- 
grees twenty-three thousand feet up the western slope and across Koolau Gap 
to the point where the southwest boundary of Koolau Forest Reserve crosses the 
east rim of Koolau Gap ; third, three hundred and six degrees thirty minutes 
seventeen thousand one hundred and fifty feet along the southwest bounaary ot 
Koolau Forest Reserve to a point called Palalia, on the east rim of the crater 
of Haleakala ; fourth, along the east rim of the crater of Haleakala, the direct 
azimuth and distance being three hundred and fifty-four degrees fifteen min- 
utes eighteen thousand three hundred feet to a point on the east rim of Kaupo 
Gap, shown on Hawaiian Government survey maps at an elevation of four 
thousand two hundred and eight feet ; fifth, eighty-eight degrees forty-five min- 
utes three thousand three hundred feet across Kaupo Gap to a point called 
Kaumikaohu, on the boundary line between the lands of Kipahulu and Kahi- 
kinui ; sixth, one hundred and two degrees and thirty minutes forty thousand 
seven hundred and fifty feet along the south slope of the crater of Haleakala to 
the point of beginning. 

Sec. 2. That nothing herein contained shall affect any valid existing claim, 
l9cation, or entry under the land laws of the United States, whether for home- 
stead, mineral, right of way, or any other purpose whatsoever, or shall affect 
the rights of any such claimant, locator, or entryman to the full use and en- 
joyment of his land. Whenever consistent with the primary purposes of the 
park the act of February fifteenth, nineteen hundred and one, applicable to 
the location of rights of way in certain national parks and the national forests 
for irrigation and other purposes, shall be and remain applicable to the lands 
included within the park. The Secretary of the Interior may, in his discretion 
and upon such conditions as he may deem wise, grant easements or rights of 
way for steam, electric, or similar transportation upon or across the park. 

Sec. 3. That no lands located within the park boundaries now held in private 
or municipal ownership shall be affected by or, subject to the provisions of 
this Act. 

Sec. 4. That the said park shall be under the executive control of the Secre- 
tary of the Interior whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and 
publish such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary or proper for the 
care and management of the same. Such regulations shall provide for the 
preservation from injury of all timber, birds, mineral deposits, and natural 
curiosities or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural 
condition as nearly as possible. The Secretary may in his discretion grant 
leases for terms not exceeding twenty years, at such annual rental as he may 
determine, of parcels of land in said park of not more than twenty acres in all 
to any one person, corporation, or company for the erection and maintenance of 
buildings for the accommodation of visitors; but no such lease shall include 
any of the objects of curiosity or interest in said park or exclude the public 
from free and convenient approach thereto or convey, either expressly or by 
implication, any exclusive privilege within the park except upon the premises 
held thereunder and for the time granted therein; and every such lease shall 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 85 

require the lessee to observe and obey each and every provision in any Act of 
Congress and every rule, order, or regulation of the Secretary of the Interior 
concerning the use, care, management, or government of the park, or any object 
or property therein, under penalty of forfeiture of such lease. The Secretary 
may in his discretion grant to persons or corporations now holding leases of 
land in the park, upon the surrender thereof, nevp leases hereunder, upon the 
terms and stipulations contained in their present leases, with such modifications, 
restrictions, and reservations as he may prescribe. All of the proceeds of said 
leases and other revenues that may be derived from any source connected with 
the park shall be expended under the direction of the Secretary, in the manage- 
ment and protection of the same and the construction of roads and paths 
therein. The Secretary may also, in his discretion, permit the erection and 
maintenance of buildings in said park for scientific purposes : Provided, That no 
appropriation for the maintenance, supervision, and improvement of said park 
in excess of $10,000 annually shall be made unless the same shall have first 
been expressly authorized by law : And provided further, That no appropriation 
shall be made for the improvement or maintenance of said park until proper 
conveyances shall be made to the United States of such perpetual easements 
and rights of way over private lands within the exterior boundaries of said 
park as the Secretary of the Interior shall find necessary to make said park 
reasonably accessible in all its parts, and said Secretary shall when such ease- 
ments and rights of way have been conveyed to the United States report the 
same to Congress. 
Approved, August 1, 1916. \ 



APPENDIX D. 

[Public — No. 184 — 64th Congress.] 
[H. R. 348.] 

An act to establish the Lassen Volcanic National Park in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in 
the State of California, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That all those certain tracts, pieces, 
or parcels of land lying and being situate in the State of California and within 
the boundaries particularly described as follows, to wit : Beginning at the 
northeast corner of section three, township thirty-one, range sis east, Mount 
Diablo meridian, California ; thence southerly to the southeast corner of said 
section ; thence easterly to the northeast corner of the northwest quarter of 
section eleven, said township; thence southerly to the southeast corner of the 
southwest quarter of section fourteen, said township; thence easterly to the 
northeast corner of the northwest quarter of section twenty-fOur, said town- 
ship ; thence southerly to the southeast corner of the southwest quarter of sec- 
tion twenty-five, said township ; thence westerly to the southwest corner of 
section twenty-six, said township ; thence southerly to the southeast corner of 
section thirty-four, said township ; thence westerly along the sixth standard 
parallel north, allowing for the proper offsets, to the northeast corner of section 
three, township thirty north, range six east ; thence southerly to the southeast 
corner of section twenty-seven, said township ; thence westerly to the south- 
west corner of the southeast quarter of section twenty-eight, said township ; 
thence northerly to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of said sec- 
tion ; thence westerly to the southwest corner of the northwest quarter of said 
section ; thence northerly to the northwest corner of said section ; thence west- 
erly to the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of section twenty, said 
township ; thence northerly to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of 
said section ; thence westerly to the range line between ranges five and six east ; 
thence southerly along said range line to the southeast corner of township 
thirty north, range five east ; thence westerly along the township line between 
townships twenty-nine and thirty north' to the southwest corner of section 
thirty-three, township thirty north, range five east; thence northerly to the 
northwest corner of said section; thence westerly to the southwest corner of 
the southeast quarter of section twenty-nine, said township; thence northerly 
to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of said section ; thence westerly 
to the southwest corner of the northwest quarter of said section ; thence north- 
erly to the northwest corner of said section ; thence westerly to the southwest 
corner of the southeast quarter of section twenty, township thirty north, range 
four east ; thence northerly to the northwest corner of the southeast quarter of 
section eight, said township; thence easterly to the northeast corner of the 
southwest quarter of section nine, said township ; thence northerly to the town- 
ship line between townships thirty and thirty-one north ; thence easterly along 
the sixth standard parallel north, allowing for the proper offsets, to the south- 
west corner of section thirty-three, township thirty-one north, range four east ; 
thence northerly to the northwest corner of section twenty-one, said township; 
thence easterly to the range line between ranges four and five east; thence 
northerly along said range line to the northwest corner of fractional section 
eighteen, township thirty-one north, range five east ; thence easterly to the south- 
west corner of section twelve, said township ; thence northerly to the northwest 
corner of section one, said township; thence easterly along the township line 
between townships thirty-one and thirty-two north to the northeast corner of 
section three, township thirty-one north, range six east, the place of beginning, 
are hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, disposal, or 
sale, under the laws of the United States, and said tracts are dedicated and set 
apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of 

80 



SUPERINTENDENT OF NATIONAL PARKS. 87 

the people of the United States under the name and to be known and designated 
as the Lassen Volcanic National Park ; and all persons who shall locate or 
settle upon or occupy the same, or any part thereof, except as hereinafter pro- 
vided, shall be considered trespassers and be removed therefrom : Provided, 
That nothing herein contained shall affect any valid existing claim, location, or 
entry under the land laws of the United States or the rights of any such claim- 
ant, locator, or entryman to the full use and enjoyment of his land : Provided' 
further, That rights of way for steam or electric railways, automobiles, or 
wagon roads may be acquired within said Lassen Volcanic National Park under 
filings or proceedings hereafter made or instituted under the laws applicable to 
the acquisition of such rights over or upon the national forest lands of the 
United States when the construction of such roads will not interfere with the 
objects of the national park, and that the United States Reclamation Service 
may enter upon and utilize for flowage or other purposes any area within said 
park which may be necessary for the development and maintenance of a Gov- 
ernment reclamation project ; that no lands located within the park boundaries 
now held in private, municipal, or State ownership shall be affected by or sub- 
ject to the provisions of this act : And provided fiirther, That no lands within 
the limits of said park hereby created belonging to or claimed by any railroad 
or other corporation now having or claiming the right of indemnity selection by 
virtue of any law or contract whatsoever shall be used as a basis for indemnity 
selection in any State or Territory whatsoever for any loss sustained by reason 
of the creation of said park. 

Sec. 2. That said park shall be under the exclusive control of the Secretary 
of the Interior, whose duty it shall be, as soon as practicable, to make and 
publish such rules and regulations not inconsistent with the laws of the United 
States as he may deem necessary or proper for the care, protection, management, 
and improvement of the same. Such regulations being primarily aimed at the 
freest use of the said park for recreation purposes by the public and for the 
preservation from injury or spoliation of all timber, mineral deposits, and 
natural curiosities or wonders within said park and their retention in their 
natural condition as far as practicable and for the preservation of the park in 
a state of nature so far as is consistent with the purposes of this Act. He 
shall provide against the wanton destruction of the fish and game found within 
said park and against their capture or destruction for purposes of merchandise 
or profit, and generally shall be authorized to take all such measures as shall 
be necessary to fully carry out the objects and purposes of this Act. Said 
Secretary may, in his discretion, execute leases to parcels of ground not exceed- 
ing ten acres in extent at any one place to any one person or persons or com- 
pany for not to exceed twenty years when such ground is necessary for the erec- 
tion of buildings for the accommodation of visitors and to parcels of ground 
not exceeding one acre in extent and for not to exceed twenty years to persons 
who have heretofore erected, or whom he may hereafter authorize to erect, sum- 
mer homes or cottages. Such leases or privileges may be renewed or extended 
at the expiration of the terms thereof. No exclusive privilege, however, shall 
be granted within the park except upon the ground leased. The regulations 
governing the park shall include provisions for the use of automobiles therein 
and the reasonable grazing of stock. 

Sec. 3. That the Secretary of the Interior may also sell and permit the re- 
moval of such matured or dead or down timber as he may deem necessary or 
advisable for the protection or improvement of the park. 

Sec. 4. That the Secretary of the Interior may" exact such charges as he 
deems proper for leases and all other privileges granted hereunder. 

Sec. 5. That no appropriation for the maintenance, supervision, or improve- 
ment of said park in excess of $5,000 annually shall be made unless the same 
shall have first been expressly authorized by law. 

Approved, August 9, 1916. 



88 



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